1. A study confirmed that there are now nearly one in nine adults, or 500,000,000 people, clinically obese, and more than one in ten of the world’s adult population is now overweight. The study was published in The Lancet, 17 May 2013 and reported by Deutsche Welle, 18 May 2013.
2. The international developed countries’ weight list as compiled by the Bloomberg news service using data from the Word Health Organisation (WHO), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and a survey funded by the United States (USA) Agency for International Development. As reported by the New Zealand Herald (NZ Herald), 24 May 2013. Also see, ‘Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic’, WHO, Geneva, 1998.
3. Three studies analysed together, covering the overall global levels of obesity, cholesterol and blood pressure and published in The Lancet, 2012. Also see, The Council of Australian Government’s Reform report on the National Healthcare Agreement , 24 May 2013.
4. Study by Sarah C. Walpole, David Prieto-Merino, Phil Edwards, John Cleland, Gretchen Stevens and Ian Roberts, ‘The weight of nations: an estimation of adult human biomass’. BMC Public Health, 17 June 2012. Also see studies published in The Lancet, 4 February 2012.
5. Two billion people worldwide will be overweight by 2015, and more than 700 million will be obese, according to EU-funded study research by North Carolina University Nutrition lecturer Professor Barry Popkin, who examined exercise and working habits across the European Union, as reported by news.wbfo.org on 17 October 2013.
6. Study published in The Lancet, 24 May 1997, 349 (9064):1498–504, by C.J. Murray and A.D. Lopez, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
7. Study from the near-decade long ‘Early Childhood Longitudinal Study’ by researchers on nearly 6000 white, black and Hispanic children. Pediatrics, December 2011.
8. From an International Diabetes Federation report released at the European Association for the Study of Diabetes congress in Lisbon, Portugal, 13–14 September 2011.
9. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), in 1980, 2% of adult-onset diabetes cases were diagnosed in people under the age of 19. In 2000 it was close to 50%.
10. A. Green, A.K. Sjølie, O. Eschøj, and K. Cruickshank, ‘Epidemiology of diabetes mellitus’ in J.C. Pickup and G. Williams (eds), Textbook of Diabetes, 2nd edition, Oxford, Blackwell Science, 1997. Also two studies by the University of California at San Francisco, Columbia University and researchers from the Institute for Preventive Medicine in Copenhagen, who analysed data on 276,835 people, who had first been examined in 1930. New England Journal of Medicine, 2010.
11. Study released by the OECD, 21 February 2012. Also see, N.A. Roper, R.W. Bilous, W.F. Kelly, N.C. Unwin, and V.M. Connolly, ‘Excess mortality in a population with diabetes and the impact of material deprivation: longitudinal population based study.’ British Medical Journal (BMJ), 2001, 322:1389–93.
12. Obesity now outnumbers hunger worldwide according to an annual World Disasters Report released by the International Federation of the Red Cross, 22 September 2011.
13. The 2013 Burden of Disease Study, as released by the Ministry of Health and University of Otago researchers, 8 August 2013.
14. A quarter of New Zealand adults are now obese, one of the highest rates in the West and an increase of 150% since 1980. ‘Number of obese or overweight Kiwi children to hit 25%’. Reported by the Press, 25 September 2010, and The 2006/2007 New Zealand Health Survey.
15. South Auckland obesity rates reported on 24 April 2013 by the NZ Herald. Also see a study released by the New Zealand Ministry of Health, ‘A focus on nutrition, key findings of the 2008/2009 New Zealand adult nutrition survey’ by the University of Otago.
16. The 2006/2007 New Zealand Health Survey.
17. From the 2011 State of the Nation Report from market researcher Roy Morgan Research.
18. Health Ministry data as released to the Press, published 25 September 2010.
19. A 2010 Ministry of Health report, ‘Diabetes Policy Model’, reveals that 10% of the adult population will have type II diabetes by 2028 and nearly half a million people by 2036. Diabetes New Zealand National President, Chris Baty, said that number was conservative as cases were already higher than projections and increasing by 8% a year.
20. In New Zealand, the lifetime risk of developing bowel cancer is 1 in 18 for men and 1 in 23 for women. ‘Nutrition and the Burden of Disease: New Zealand 1997–2011’, The Ministry of Health and The University of Auckland 2003. Also see, National Cancer Registry (2008); District Health Board (DHB) http://www.bowelscreeningwaitemata.co.nz/BowelHealth/BowelcancerinNZ.aspx; http://www.bowelcheck.co.nz/; www.bowelcanceraustralia.org/bca/, 2010.
21. Study by University of Otago researchers Dr Kirsten Coppell and Professor Jim Mann and colleagues, from the University’s Edgar National Centre for Diabetes and Obesity Research, New Zealand Medical Journal, 1 March 2013.
22. Study published in Obesity, January 2011. The study claimed that by 2025 the number of obese Australians will surpass those of healthy weight.
23. The Council of Australian Governments (COAG) Reform released their fourth report on the National Healthcare Agreement on 24 May 2013. Also see study by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW), January 2012. The researchers found that since 1990 the prevalence of diabetes in the Australian population has nearly tripled, from 1.5% to 4.1%.
24. ‘Comparative Health Performance in the Asia-Pacific Region: Findings and Implications of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.’ Released by Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) at their Australian conference in Melbourne, 2–3 May 2013.
25. ‘Action Agenda 2013.’ A report from Obesity Australia that is a five-point Action Agenda taking in research from the International Obesity Summit in New Zealand, December 2012.
26. The survey by the Centre for Community Child Health at Royal Children’s Hospital in Melbourne, and Adelaide researchers, as collected from 4983 preschoolers aged four and five in 2004, showed more than 15% were overweight and a further 5.5% now met the clinical definition of obese.
27. Medical Journal of Australia, 20 February 2012.
28. The Wellness Index, by Roy Morgan Research. A survey of 50,000 Australians, 16 April 2013.
29. The Australian Bureau of Statistics’ (ABS) quarterly snapshot of society, released 10 December 2009.
30. A landmark study of more than 16,000 Australians that used results from the Australian National Health Survey 2004–2005, which were analysed by the University of Sydney and Deakin International. Journal of Obesity, 2010.
31. Reported in the Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, January 2009. Also see, The Australian National Children’s Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey, jointly funded by the Department of Health and Ageing, the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry and the Australian Food and Grocery Council, October 2008.
32. Indian obesity and diabetes statistics from the 2013 OECD study as reported by United Nations News on 16 April 2013. Also, The RV Metropolis Bangalore Survey (April 2012–June 2013) found that type II diabetes is increasing in the 20–29 age group.
33. Indian obesity and diabetes statistics from the 2013 OECD study in note 34. Also, India has 20% adult obesity rates in 2011, from a study conducted among urban Indian adolescents by the National Diabetes, Obesity and Cholesterol Foundation.
34. Study paper published in The Lancet, 2012. In 30 years, the Chinese people have gone from having barely enough to eat to almost 100 million diabetics, with diabetes now afflicting nearly 10% of Chinese adults.
35. Reported by market research firm QF Information Consulting, 8 December 2011. Also see a 2009 report by the Chinese Association for Student Nutrition and Health. The number of overweight young people aged between 7 and 17 had tripled between 1982 and 2002.
36. Three studies covering the overall global levels of obesity, cholesterol and blood pressure, as published in The Lancet, 2012, show that over 10% of the global population is now obese, doubling that of 1980 — just 30 years ago.
37. Study published in the New England Journal of Medicine, March 2010, found much higher rates of diabetes than previous studies.
38. Ryan K. Masters, PhD, ‘The Impact of Obesity on US Mortality Levels: The Importance of Age and Cohort Factors in Population Estimates.’ Masters is a Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Health and Society Scholar and Demographer at Columbia University’s Mailman School of Public Health in New York City, and Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of Colorado, Boulder, USA. American Journal of Health, 5 April 2013.
39. Obesity predictions in the USA released by the Trust for America’s Health and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation in January 2012. Also see a study published in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2012, that found that by 2030, 42% of US adults could be obese.
40. Published in Obesity, the research is based on the US government’s Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, government survey data collected between the 1970s and 2004, suggesting that 86% of American adults will be overweight by 2030, with an obesity rate of 51%.
41. Study by researchers from Northwestern University as reported at the 2011 Scientific Sessions of the American Heart Association, finding 83% of US men and 72% of US women will be overweight or obese by the year 2020.
42. Study by Franco Sassi, the OECD Senior Health Economist and former London School of Economics lecturer who worked on the report for three years. September, 2010.
43. According to the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Population Study, sponsored by the CDC and National Institute of Health (NIH), and data published by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) in 2006, obesity rates for preschool children and adolescents have more than tripled in the past 30 years.
44. The 2013 Ministry of Health Report was presented at Otago University’s Waistline seminar on 7 June 2013. Also see, D.E. King et al., ‘The status of baby boomers’ health in the US: The healthiest generation?’ Journal of American Medical Association, 2013, DOI:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.2006.
45. 2011 diabetes statistics released by the CDC.
46. New York obesity rates reported by the New York Daily News and Agence France-Presse (AFP), 10 June 2013.
47. American Samoa childhood obesity rates data from the Alpert Medical School at Brown University. Study of 800 babies born in American Samoa between 2001 and 2008.
48. Report published in the Canadian Journal of Public Health, 2013, covering the period from 2003–2011, showed self-reported adult obesity rates in Canada have increased to 25%.
49. Study published in Dia­betologia, the Journal of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, June 2013. The study covered patient records in both Britain and Canada. Also see, figures from the Women’s ­College Research Institute in Toronto, Canada, and Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg in Sweden.
50. Study released 10 April 2012 by Brazil’s Health Ministry, based on up-to-date data on 54,144 people in the capital of Brazil’s 27 states.
51. Mexico obesity and diabetes rates released by Mexico’s 2012 Secretariat of Health. President Felipe Calderon said that, ‘Mexico had the highest rate of obesity for children ages 5 to 19 in the world.’ Reported by Associated Press (AP) and the Washington Post, 20 October 2011.
52. European obesity rates reported by Deutsche Welle, 18 May 2013. Also see Health at a Glance: Europe 2010, a report on health in the 27-member bloc by the OECD and the Brussels-based Commission. The report confirmed the rate of obesity has more than doubled over the past 20 years in most member states.
53. European obesity rates reported by Deutsche Welle, 18 May 2013.
54. German obesity and diabetes rates taken from a 2012 Government Report. Reported by Deutsche Welle, 17 December 2012.
55. Turkish obesity rates released by the Turkish Statistics Institute (TurkStat). Reported by worldbulletin.net, 25 April 2013.
56. The British National Child Measurement Programme, 2011, found that one child in three is overweight when they leave primary school at the age of 11. Almost a fifth are classed as obese. Also, according to 2011 figures gathered by the National Health Service (NHS), the number of final year primary school children classed as obese has risen to 19%.
57. The NHS 2011 Survey, reported by Top News, 14 December 2011.
58. UK diabetes and obesity rates in young people study by researchers from Cardiff University and the Heart of England NHS Trust in Birmingham. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, June 2013.
59. According to a European Commission report published in November 2011, the UK is the most overweight and obese country in Europe. Reported on 11 March 2012 by independent.com.
60. UK obesity and diabetes rates reported by the Daily Record, 21 June 2013.
61. High blood pressure and obesity death numbers from the 2010 GBD study published in The Lancet. Also, the 2010 Heart and Stroke Statistics report published by the American Heart Association, WHO and an international consortium of nearly 500 scientists from 187 countries globally, including the Harvard School of Public Health.
62. British diabetes rates and medication sales reported by NHS data from the Health and Social Care Information Centre for England, show Britain’s diabetes prescriptions soared by 50% in six years. Reported by The Daily Mail, 14 August 2012.
63. World obesity rates, The Lancet, 17 May 2013. Reported by Deutsche Welle, 18 May 2013.
64. The Scottish obesity crisis is worse than previously thought as the Scottish Government had published the wrong figures. Corrected numbers were released by the Scottish Government and the Scottish Health Survey on 2 August 2013.
65. Reported by Diet Chef and PRNewswire from Edinburgh, Scotland on 8 October 2012.
66. Scottish children and obesity rates data from a study covering 52,139 children, ‘weighed and measured’ children of primary one age, reported by BBC News, 30 April 2013.
67. Irish childhood obesity rates from The Framework for Preventing and Addressing Overweight and Obesity in Northern Ireland 2012–2022: ‘A Fitter Future for All.’ Reported by The Independent, 15 April 2013.
68. E.L. Masso, S. Gonzalez, S. Johansson, MA, L.A. Garcia Rodriguez, ‘Trends in the prevalence and incidence of diabetes in the UK: 1996–2005’. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 2009.
69. 2013 statistics as reported by the NHS Health and Social Care Information Centre (HSCIC).
70. Study led by Dr Sonia Saxena of Imperial College London and researchers from the Medical University of South Carolina and the Imperial School of Public Health, with data from the National Health Service UK health statistics. PLoS ONE, 13 June 2013.
71. UK obesity rates. Reported by The Telegraph and agencies, 29 October 2012.
72. A study conducted by researchers from the University College London showed the number of children in the UK taking prescription weight loss drugs increased by 15 times between 1999 and 2006. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, reported by the Observer, 25 October 2009.
73. Middle East obesity and diabetes statistics released by Mohammed Al Kebsi, Consultant Interventional Cardiologist from the Yemeni Heart Association (YHA), at the first International Cardiology Symposium and Diabetes Forum — A Global Agenda (ICS-13), May 2013.
74. ‘Over 80% of Kuwait children are obese,’ said Professor Mustafa Hayat at the Basic Education Faculty, 17 December 2012. Reported by alshahed Daily.
75. Study conducted among 230,000 adolescents by Israel Clalit Health Services reveals that 1 in 11 teenagers in Israel suffer from severe obesity. Also, according to 2011 Health Ministry surveys, about half of the country’s population is overweight.
76. Statistics taken from a Dubai Health Authority (DHA) campaign linked to World Heart Day, 29 September 2011.
77. Study published in the Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, late 2011.
78. Belly fat and heart death risk. Study by S. Adabag, et al., ‘Risk of sudden cardiac death in obese individuals: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study’. Presented by the Heart Rhythm Society 2012, abstract PO1-67.
79. ‘Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics — 2012 Update’ is a study published online in Circulation: Journal of the American Heart Association, 15 December 2011.
80. US heart failure predictions study analysis published in Circulation: Heart Failure, 24 April 2013.
81. ‘Older Americans 2010: Key Indicators of Well-Being’, a report compiled by 15 federal agencies in July 2010. The report found that the rate of death from Alzheimer’s rose almost 30-fold, from 6 per 100,000 people in 1981 to 176.9 per 100,000 in 2006.
82. B. Jarett et al., ‘Lifetime Risks of Cardiovascular Disease.’ The New England Journal of Medicine, 2012.
83. WHO estimates that the number of people that will die from cardiovascular diseases each year will reach 23.3 million by 2030.
84. Report from the National Center for Cardiovascular China confirmed that China has 290 million patients with cardiovascular disease, 60 million more than the 230 million such patients in 2010. Reported by mizonews.com, 9 August 2013.
85. The Australian Bureau of Statistics, August 2013.
86. Indian heart disease numbers shared by Dr Khawar Kazmi, Section Head of Cardiology at Aga Khan University Hospital, during a talk on 2012 World Heart Day.
87. Senior Cardiologist and Secretary of the Pakistan Cardiology Society, Professor Khan Shahzaman, said at a seminar on 29 September 2011, ‘By 2020 non-communicable diseases (NCDs) would account for 73% of Pakistani deaths, of which 50% would be cardiovascular disease.’
88. Heart disease mortality expectations study on data from five long-running studies of US heart health, 1964–2008, published in The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) by Northwestern University cardiologist John Wilkins and colleagues, 7 November 2012. Also see, a US heart disease mortality study by Brent M. Egan, MD, Professor of Medicine and Pharmacology at Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), and colleagues, published in Circulation, 2013. The research was analysed using National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) from three key study periods: 1988–1994, 1999–2004 and 2005–2010, reported 2 July 2013.
89. Study by B. Jarett et al., ‘Lifetime Risks of Cardiovascular Disease.’ The New England Journal of Medicine, 27 January 2012.
90. See note 113.
91. W. Ashton, K. Nanchahal and D. Wood, ‘Body mass index and metabolic risk factors for coronary heart disease in women.’ European Heart Journal, 2001, 22: 46–55. Also see, European Cardiovascular Disease Statistics provided by the European Heart Network and the European Society of Cardiology, 2013.
92. ‘Cancer Facts & Figures 2010’, an annual publication of the American Cancer Society in Atlanta, Georgia. Also see, cancer report by the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), released on World Cancer Day, 4 February 2013.
93. ‘Global Cancer Facts & Figures 2008’ from an American Cancer Society news release, 4 February 2011.
94. University of Washington researchers, led by co-author Dr Rafael Lozano, a Professor of Global Health at the university’s IHME, collected data from more than 300 cancer registries and cause-of-death offices in 187 countries. The Lancet, online edition, 15 September 2001.
95. The UK obesity and cancer connection figures from Cancer Research UK and World Cancer Research Fund 2012, 3 October 2012. Also see note 121.
96. Stomach cancer growth figures supplied by The American Cancer Society and reported by WHO on 6 May 2013. Also see note 121.
97. Research released by the American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR), 5 November 2009. Also see note 121.
98. Health at a Glance: Europe 2010. A report on health in the 27-member bloc by the OECD.
99. ‘The Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2011: Warning about the Dangers of Tobacco’, WHO Report, Geneva, Switzerland, 2011. Also see, ‘How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease — The Biology and Behavioral Basis for Smoking-Attributable Disease’, US Department of Health and Human Service.
100. R. Peto, A. Lopez, J. Boreham, M. Thun and C.J. Heath, Mortality from Smoking in Developed Countries, 1950–2000, Oxford University Press, New York, 1994. Also see, ‘A review of human carcinogens. Part E: Personal habits and indoor combustions’, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Lyon, France, IARC, 2009.
101. Cancer numbers taken from the most comprehensive global examination ever done on cancer, The World Cancer Report, IARC. Also see, ‘Nutrition, Physical Activity and Non-Communicable Disease Prevention: A Briefing Document.’ Year and author? Also, ‘The International Update of Alcohol-Linked Cancer Deaths, 2013.’
102. Study published in Pharmaceutical Research, 2008. The researchers said, ‘Only 5% to 10% of all cancer cases can be attributed to genetic defects, while the remaining 90% to 95% have their roots in the environment and lifestyle … cancer is a disease commonly believed to be preventable.’ Also see note 131.
103. Study published online, Obesity Reviews, 4 June 2012.
104. Chinese cancer growth figures from a report in Chinese Medical Journal, 13 June 2013.
105. The American Association for Cancer Research, The 2013 Cancer Progress Report. Reported by MedPage Today, 17 September 2013.
106. UK cancer numbers from the 2013 Macmillan Cancer Support Review, analysing existing data on cancer prevalence, incidence and mortality, 7 June 2013. Also see, UK obesity and cancer connection figures from Cancer Research UK and World Cancer Research Fund, 2012.
107. UK breast cancer growth in young women, the Guardian, 3 May 2013.
108. The World Cancer Research Fund released figures on 4 February 2012 to mark World Cancer Day. They said, ‘Ireland will have 35,500 new cancer cases a year by 2030.’

Further Health Quiz References:

Hypertension cured through a plant-based diet and fasting. The study was published in the scientific, peer-reviewed and indexed, Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, Volume 24, Number 5, June 2001. The paper, entitled Medically Supervised Water-only Fasting in the Treatment of Hypertension detailed our outstanding results in the treatment of 174 consecutive program participants presenting with high blood pressure. Almost 90% achieved blood pressure less than 140/90 (cured). This study demonstrated the remarkable effectiveness of water-only fasting in the treatment of the leading contributing cause of morbidity and mortality in industrialized countries. A second study evaluating the effectiveness of fasting in the treatment of borderline high blood pressure was accepted for publication and appeared in the October 2002 issue of the Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine.

A plant-based diet delivers the most successful heart disease study in history. A 100% hit rate curing heart disease, reversing artery damage and prolonging healthy life for decades, just through a plant-based, wholefood diet. Esselstyn CB, Ellis SG, Medendorp SV, et al. “A strategy to arrest and reverse coronary artery disease: a 5-year longitudinal study of a single physician’s practice.”  J. Family Practice 41 (1995): 560-568.

Esselstyn CJ. “Introduction: more than coronary artery disease.” Am. J. Cardiol. 82 (1998): 5T-9T.

A plant-based diet wipes out heart disease; stay on drugs and typical diet – get much sicker. Ornish D, Brown SE, Scherwitz LW, et al. “Can lifestyle changes reverse coronary heart disease?” Lancet 336 (1990): 129-133.

Heart attacks prevented by vegetarian diet. Study published in the December 3, 2012 issue of the journal Circulation. As reported by The Huffington Post on December 3, 2012 and by MyHealthNewsDaily on December 4, 2012.

Vegetarian diet cuts heart risk by 32%. Study by scientists at England’s University as published on January 31, 2013 in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. The study was funded by Cancer Research UK and the U.K.’s Medical Research Council and conducted by the university’s Cancer Epidemiology Unit, and reported by Bloomberg.com on January 31, 2013.

Dropping meat from your diet can decrease cholesterol levels by 10%-15%. A huge INTERHEART meta-analysis of 27 studies published in 2009 in the American Journal of Cardiology showed at least 90% of heart disease is lifestyle related. Morrison LM. “Diet in coronary atherosclerosis.” JAMA 173 (1960): 884-888.

Lyon TP, Yankley A, Gofman JW, et al. “lipoproteins and diet in coronary heart disease.” California Med. 84 (1956): 325-328.

Morrison LM. “Arteriosclerosis.” JAMA 145 (1951): 1232-1236.

Additional Health Quiz References:

1. ‘Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.’
2. Study by Patricia Hartge and researchers from the National Cancer Institute (NCI), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), as published in Public Library of Science (PLoS) Medicine, 2014.
3. Study by Caroline K. Kramer, MD, PhD, et al., of the Leadership Sinai Center for Diabetes at Mount Sinai Hospital in Toronto. ‘Are metabolically healthy overweight and obesity benign conditions? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of body mass index and metabolic status phenotypes on all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events.’ Annals of Internal Medicine, 159(11): 758–769,
   3 December 2013.
4. Study by Thomsen, M., et al., ‘Myocardial infarction and ischemic heart disease in overweight and obesity with and without metabolic syndrome.’ Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA) Internal Medicine; DOI:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.10522. See also, study by Jackson, C. et al., ‘Maintaining a healthy body weight is paramount.’ JAMA Internal Medicine, DOI:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.8298.
5. Study by Bhaskaran, K., et al., ‘Body-mass index and risk of 22 specific cancers: a population-based cohort study of 5·24 million UK adults.’ The Lancet, DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60892-8. Also see, study by Campbell, P.T., ‘Obesity: a certain and avoidable cause of cancer,’ The Lancet, 2014, DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61172-7.
6. Reported by skynews.com, 7 June 2013.
7. The Guardian, 3 May 2013.
8. Study by Hongchao Pan and colleagues at the University of Oxford, Britain. Presented at the 2014 annual meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology beginning 30 May, in Chicago.
9. Study by Lynn Matrisian, Vice President of Research and Medical Affairs at the Pancreatic Cancer Action Network, Manhattan Beach, California. Cancer Research, online, 19 May 2014.
10. The 2013 Cancer Progress Report released by the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR), 17 September 2013.
11. Study of 6500 Danish men followed for 33 years by Dr Morton Schmidt and Henrik Toft Sorenson, from the Department of Clinical Epidemiology at Aarhus University Hospital in Denmark. Published in the British Medical Journal (BMJ) Open, April 2013.
12. Study from the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health on more than 43,000 participants collected over two decades in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES). The Annals of Internal Medicine, 15 April 2014.
13. Report by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention using data from a 2012 national survey released to the press on 10 June 2014 and reported by The Washington Post, 11 June 2014.
14. As reported by Doctor Sarah Brewer in Mailonline, 24 September 2011.
15. ‘Statistics on Obesity, Physical Activity and Diet: England, 2013’ and figures on obesity-related ‘Finished Admission Episodes’ and ‘Finished Consultant Episodes’ for 2011/12, using data from the Health and Social Care Information Centre’s (HSCIC) Hospital Episode Statistics, The National Health Service and the UK National Audit Office on 20 February 2013.
16. Study by Professor Arch Mainous and Professor Richard Baker from the University of Florida’s College of Public Health and Health Professions, as published in BMJ Open, June 2014.
17. As reported by The Daily Mail on 10 February 2014.
18. The 2012/2013 New Zealand Health Survey in the 2013 Ministry of Health Annual Report as reported on 16 December 2013 by the NZ Herald.
19. Study by Hyon, K. Choi, et al., analysing data from The Health Improvement Network in the UK, which includes more than seven million patients, ‘Independent impact of gout on the risk of diabetes mellitus among women and men: a population-based, BMI-matched cohort study’ as published in the Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, Dis2014; DOI:10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-205827.
20. The Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment 2013 study as published in the European Journal of Preventive Cardiology.
21. Study by Dr Brandon Fornwalt, an Assistant Professor and researcher in the departments of Pediatrics, Biomedical Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Physiology and Cardiology at the University of Kentucky, 2014.
22. Study by Dehlendorff, C., et al., JAMA Neurology. 2014; DOI:10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.1017, 5 June 2014.
23. Study by William F. Balistreri, Stavra Xanthakos and Valerio Nobili, ‘The Hidden Epidemic of Liver Disease in Kids’ as reported by Medscape Gastroenterology on 8 October 2013. Schwimmer, J.B., Deutsch, R., Kahen, T., Lavine, J.E., Stanley, C., Behling, C. ‘Prevalence of fatty liver in children and adolescents’ as published in Pediatrics, 2006; 118:1388–1393.
24. The survey by the Simplyhealth Advisory Research Panel (ShARP), covered 1000 Britons aged 40–75, survey backed by healthcare provider Simplyhealth. As reported on 4 January 2014 by the NZ Herald.
25. Report released by the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (Tilda) led by Trinity College Dublin, on
    18 July 2014.
26. The Australian regional launch of the Global Burden of Disease 2010 was at the ‘Comparative Health Performance in the Asia-Pacific Region: Findings and Implications of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010’ conference in Melbourne. Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (Tilda), 2–3 May 2013. The Global Burden of Disease Study involves almost 500 scientists looking over 187 countries worldwide for the period 1990–2010 and was published in the medical journal The Lancet in December 2012.
27. Study by Jing Li, PhD, Xi Li, PhD, Qing Wang, MS, Shuang Hu, PhD, Yongfei Wang, MS, Professor Frederick A. Masoudi, MD, Professor John A. Spertus, MD, Professor Harlan M. Krumholz, MD and Professor Lixin Jiang. ‘ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in China from 2001 to 2011 (the China PEACE-Retrospective Acute Myocardial Infarction Study): a retrospective analysis of hospital data’ as published in The Lancet, Early Online Publication, 24 June 2014, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60921-1.

1. Report published by the Scottish government, September 2011.
2. Study by Kontis, V., et al., ‘Contribution of six risk factors to achieving the 25×25 non-communicable disease mortality reduction target: a modeling study’, The Lancet, 2014, DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60616-4. Also see, study by Atun, R., ‘Decisive action to end apathy and achieve 25×25 NCD targets’, The Lancet, 2014, DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60616-4. Also see, study by Yoon, P., et al., ‘Potentially preventable deaths from the five leading causes of death — United States, 2008–2010’, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 2014, 63: 369–374.
3. Study by Haitham, Ahmed and researchers at the Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease at Johns Hopkins, in the American Journal of Epidemiology, 3 June 2013.
4. The 2010 Northwestern Medicine Study was based on analysis of participants in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) multi-centre longitudinal study (National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute).
5. Study on 1598 childhood cancer survivors in the St Jude Lifetime Cohort Study by researchers from St Jude Children’s Research Hospital in Memphis. As published in Cancer, 2014.
6. Panel discussion, BioMed Central conference on ‘Metabolism, Diet and Disease’, reported by Miranda Robertson on 8 July 2014 via biomedcentral.com.
7. ‘Diet and kidney disease in high risk individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus’, study by Dunkler, D., et al., and researchers at McMaster University in Ontario, Canada. Looked at 6213 patients with type II diabetes in the ONTARGET trial, as published in JAMA Internal Medicine, 2013, 173 (18). Also see, article by Holly Kramer and Alex Chang, ‘Moving dietary management of diabetes forward’ in JAMA Internal Medicine, 2013, 173 (18).

Jason wishes to deeply thank, acknowledge and recognise the effort and contribution that the PIF Foundation has provided on a voluntary basis since 2014, as we educated, motivated and inspired change that helps transform the health, vitality and longevity of people all over the world.