My 20 GOLDEN Rules (Book): Reference Endnotes

1. How to achieve Exceptional Health using My 20 GOLDEN Rules
2. Editorial in a commentary published online in the Canadian Journal of Cardiology by Norm R.C. Campbell, MD, and colleagues from the University of Calgary in Alberta. As reported by the Cardiology Editor, MedPage Today, 19 March 2012.

Where are we at now?

1. ‘Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.’
2. Study by Patricia Hartge and researchers from the National Cancer Institute (NCI), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), as published in Public Library of Science (PLoS) Medicine, 2014.
3. Study by Caroline K. Kramer, MD, PhD, et al., of the Leadership Sinai Center for Diabetes at Mount Sinai Hospital in Toronto. ‘Are metabolically healthy overweight and obesity benign conditions? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of body mass index and metabolic status phenotypes on all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events.’ Annals of Internal Medicine, 159(11): 758–769,
   3 December 2013.
4. Study by Thomsen, M., et al., ‘Myocardial infarction and ischemic heart disease in overweight and obesity with and without metabolic syndrome.’ Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA) Internal Medicine; DOI:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.10522. See also, study by Jackson, C. et al., ‘Maintaining a healthy body weight is paramount.’ JAMA Internal Medicine, DOI:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.8298.
5. Study by Bhaskaran, K., et al., ‘Body-mass index and risk of 22 specific cancers: a population-based cohort study of 5·24 million UK adults.’ The Lancet, DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60892-8. Also see, study by Campbell, P.T., ‘Obesity: a certain and avoidable cause of cancer,’ The Lancet, 2014, DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61172-7.
6. Reported by skynews.com, 7 June 2013.
7. The Guardian, 3 May 2013.
8. Study by Hongchao Pan and colleagues at the University of Oxford, Britain. Presented at the 2014 annual meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology beginning 30 May, in Chicago.
9. Study by Lynn Matrisian, Vice President of Research and Medical Affairs at the Pancreatic Cancer Action Network, Manhattan Beach, California. Cancer Research, online, 19 May 2014.
10. The 2013 Cancer Progress Report released by the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR), 17 September 2013.
11. Study of 6500 Danish men followed for 33 years by Dr Morton Schmidt and Henrik Toft Sorenson, from the Department of Clinical Epidemiology at Aarhus University Hospital in Denmark. Published in the British Medical Journal (BMJ) Open, April 2013.
12. Study from the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health on more than 43,000 participants collected over two decades in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES). The Annals of Internal Medicine, 15 April 2014.
13. Report by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention using data from a 2012 national survey released to the press on 10 June 2014 and reported by The Washington Post, 11 June 2014.
14. As reported by Doctor Sarah Brewer in Mailonline, 24 September 2011.
15. ‘Statistics on Obesity, Physical Activity and Diet: England, 2013’ and figures on obesity-related ‘Finished Admission Episodes’ and ‘Finished Consultant Episodes’ for 2011/12, using data from the Health and Social Care Information Centre’s (HSCIC) Hospital Episode Statistics, The National Health Service and the UK National Audit Office on 20 February 2013.
16. Study by Professor Arch Mainous and Professor Richard Baker from the University of Florida’s College of Public Health and Health Professions, as published in BMJ Open, June 2014.
17. As reported by The Daily Mail on 10 February 2014.
18. The 2012/2013 New Zealand Health Survey in the 2013 Ministry of Health Annual Report as reported on 16 December 2013 by the NZ Herald.
19. Study by Hyon, K. Choi, et al., analysing data from The Health Improvement Network in the UK, which includes more than seven million patients, ‘Independent impact of gout on the risk of diabetes mellitus among women and men: a population-based, BMI-matched cohort study’ as published in the Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, Dis2014; DOI:10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-205827.
20. The Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment 2013 study as published in the European Journal of Preventive Cardiology.
21. Study by Dr Brandon Fornwalt, an Assistant Professor and researcher in the departments of Pediatrics, Biomedical Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Physiology and Cardiology at the University of Kentucky, 2014.
22. Study by Dehlendorff, C., et al., JAMA Neurology. 2014; DOI:10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.1017, 5 June 2014.
23. Study by William F. Balistreri, Stavra Xanthakos and Valerio Nobili, ‘The Hidden Epidemic of Liver Disease in Kids’ as reported by Medscape Gastroenterology on 8 October 2013. Schwimmer, J.B., Deutsch, R., Kahen, T., Lavine, J.E., Stanley, C., Behling, C. ‘Prevalence of fatty liver in children and adolescents’ as published in Pediatrics, 2006; 118:1388–1393.
24. The survey by the Simplyhealth Advisory Research Panel (ShARP), covered 1000 Britons aged 40–75, survey backed by healthcare provider Simplyhealth. As reported on 4 January 2014 by the NZ Herald.
25. Report released by the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (Tilda) led by Trinity College Dublin, on
    18 July 2014.
26. The Australian regional launch of the Global Burden of Disease 2010 was at the ‘Comparative Health Performance in the Asia-Pacific Region: Findings and Implications of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010’ conference in Melbourne. Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (Tilda), 2–3 May 2013. The Global Burden of Disease Study involves almost 500 scientists looking over 187 countries worldwide for the period 1990–2010 and was published in the medical journal The Lancet in December 2012.
27. Study by Jing Li, PhD, Xi Li, PhD, Qing Wang, MS, Shuang Hu, PhD, Yongfei Wang, MS, Professor Frederick A. Masoudi, MD, Professor John A. Spertus, MD, Professor Harlan M. Krumholz, MD and Professor Lixin Jiang. ‘ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in China from 2001 to 2011 (the China PEACE-Retrospective Acute Myocardial Infarction Study): a retrospective analysis of hospital data’ as published in The Lancet, Early Online Publication, 24 June 2014, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60921-1.

What have we learnt?

1. Report published by the Scottish government, September 2011.
2. Study by Kontis, V., et al., ‘Contribution of six risk factors to achieving the 25×25 non-communicable disease mortality reduction target: a modeling study’, The Lancet, 2014, DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60616-4. Also see, study by Atun, R., ‘Decisive action to end apathy and achieve 25×25 NCD targets’, The Lancet, 2014, DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60616-4. Also see, study by Yoon, P., et al., ‘Potentially preventable deaths from the five leading causes of death — United States, 2008–2010’, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 2014, 63: 369–374.
3. Study by Haitham, Ahmed and researchers at the Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease at Johns Hopkins, in the American Journal of Epidemiology, 3 June 2013.
4. The 2010 Northwestern Medicine Study was based on analysis of participants in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) multi-centre longitudinal study (National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute).
5. Study on 1598 childhood cancer survivors in the St Jude Lifetime Cohort Study by researchers from St Jude Children’s Research Hospital in Memphis. As published in Cancer, 2014.
6. Panel discussion, BioMed Central conference on ‘Metabolism, Diet and Disease’, reported by Miranda Robertson on 8 July 2014 via biomedcentral.com.
7. ‘Diet and kidney disease in high risk individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus’, study by Dunkler, D., et al., and researchers at McMaster University in Ontario, Canada. Looked at 6213 patients with type II diabetes in the ONTARGET trial, as published in JAMA Internal Medicine, 2013, 173 (18). Also see, article by Holly Kramer and Alex Chang, ‘Moving dietary management of diabetes forward’ in JAMA Internal Medicine, 2013, 173 (18).

GOLDEN Rule 1: Be Prepared and Control your Environment

1. The 2010 survey as commissioned by Sport and Recreation New Zealand (SPARC) in conjunction with the ministries of Health, Education and Youth Development, surveyed more than 2500 children and young people between the ages of five and 24. Sunday Star-Times, 19 September 2010.
2. Researchers from the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine and from the Broward County (Florida) school system tracked cafeteria purchases of plant-based menu items among 2853 children ages five to 14 years and plant-based meals were preferred by the children. Also, research published in the Journal of School Food Service showed that children like meals based on soyfoods.
3. Study by Jill Reedy, PhD, MPH, RD, and Susan M. Krebs-Smith, PhD, MPH, RD, of the National Cancer Institute, ‘Dietary sources of energy, solid fats, and added sugars among children and adolescents in the United States’, published in the Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 2010; 110: 1477–1484.
4. Study conducted by researchers from the St Louis University School of Public Health and published in Preventive Medicine, March/April 2009. Researchers studied 1306 parents enrolled in the national Parents As Teachers programme.
5. Michelle D. Florence, Mark Asbridge, Paul Veugelers, ‘Diet Quality and Academic Performance.’ Journal of School Health, April 2008, Vol. 78, No. 4.
6. Study published in Cell Metabolism by the University of Jena and the German Institute of Human Nutrition.
7. Study by experts from De Montfort University in Leicester, and the universities of Bristol and Birmingham, analysed data from 7866 mothers of children born in 1991 and 1992 and published their findings in Public Health Nutrition, 2011.
8. Study conducted by researchers from Dartmouth Medical School and published in the Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, March/April 2009.
9. Two studies by Harvard University and Children’s Hospital in Boston on 559 children, in Pediatrics, April/May 2009.
10. ‘NSW Schools Physical Activity and Nutrition Survey’, released 21 November 2011.

GOLDEN Rule 2: Deal with the Body you have

1. Herskind, A.M., McGue, M., Holm, N.V., Sørensen, T.I., Harvald, B. and Vaupel, J.W., ‘The heritability of human longevity: a population-based study of 2872 Danish twin pairs born 1870–1900’. Human Genetics, 1996, March; 97(3):319–23.
2. Study by Tantamango-Bartley, et al., ‘Vegetarian diets and the incidence of cancer in a low-risk population’. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 20 November 2012. Also, Zhang, et al., ‘Exogenous plant MIR168a specifically targets mammalian LDLRAP1: an evidence of cross-kingdom regulation by microRNA’. Cell Research, 22:107–126, 2012.

GOLDEN Rule 3: Honour Thy Bowel

1. National Institutes of Health, USA, National Center for Health Statistics, Dietary Intake of Macronutrients, Micronutrients, and Other Dietary Constituents: United States, 1988–94. Also see, Vital and Health Statistics, Series 11, No. 245, July 2002.
2. Research based on data collected from 89,000 people around the world. BioMed Central Medicine (BMC Medicine), 26 July 2011.
3. Study by Dr Felice Jacka, from Deakin University’s Barwon Psychiatric Research Unit, analysing data from more than 3000 Victorian adolescents aged 11–18. PLoS ONE, 22 September 2011.
4. Study by Alison E. Field, ScD, Associate in Medicine at Children’s Hospital in Boston. Journal of Adolescent Health, 2011, reported by WebMD Health News, 13 December 2011.
5. Study covered data from 25 studies from around the world and was published by Chinese and American researchers in August 2014.
6. New Zealand Government Statistics. Also see, National Cancer Registry (2008); and Colorectal Cancer Registrations by Year and DHB figures.
7. As reported by stuff.co.nz, 5 May 2010, and Bowel Cancer Australia, http://www.bowelcanceraustralia.org/bca/, 2010. Also see, the major National Cancer Institute and the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) 10-year, 388,000 people-strong ‘NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study’, Archives of Internal Medicine, 14 June 2011.
8. Study released jointly by the World Cancer Research Fund, the American Institute for Cancer Research and the European Prospective Investigation of Cancer, covering more than 500,000 participants, July 2012. Also see, A. Bellavia, S.C. Larsson, M. Bottai, A. Wolk and N. Orsini, ‘Fruit and vegetable consumption and all-cause mortality: a dose-response analysis’. A Swedish study published in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (online), 26 June 2013.
9. ‘Prospective Investigation of Body Mass Index, Colorectal Adenoma, and Colorectal Cancer in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial’ with data from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial, by Cari M. Kitahara, PhD, of the NIH, Rockville, Journal of Clinical Oncology, May 2013.
10. Study by Dr Evropi Theodoratou, of the University of Edinburgh’s School of Molecular, Genetic and Population Health Sciences. The European Journal of Cancer Prevention, 14 July 2013.
11. Study by Nair, S., Hebbar, V., Shen, G., Gopalakrishnan, V., Oo Khor, T., Yu, S., Xu, C., Kong, A.N., ‘Synergistic effects of a combination of dietary factors sulforaphane and (-)epigallocatechin-3-gallate in HT-29 AP-1 human colon cancer cells.’ Pharmaceutical Research 25(2): 387–399, 2008.
12. Study by Fung, T., Hu, F.B., Fuchs, C., Giovannucci, E., Hunter, D.J., Stampfer, M.J., Colditz, G.A., Willett, W.C., ‘Major dietary patterns and the risk of colorectal cancer in women.’ Archives of Internal Medicine, 10 February 2003.
13. Study by Randi, G., Edefonti, V., Ferraroni, M., La Vecchia, C., Decarli, A., ‘Dietary patterns and the risk of colorectal cancer and adenomas.’ Nutrition Reviews, July 2010, 68(7):389–408. DOI:10.1111/j.1753–4887.2010.00299.x.
14. ‘Cancer & Metabolism 2014, 2(Suppl 1):O6 doi:10.1186/2049-3002-2-S1-O6’. Metabolism, Diet and Disease 2014, Washington DC, USA, 28–30 May 2014.
15. Study by scientists at Newcastle University, Gut, 2004. Reported by BBC News, 14 September 2004.
16. Study by Kirstin De Bruijn, PhD, student, Surgery Department, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Stephanie Bernik, MD, Chief of Surgical Oncology, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York City. Presented 29 September 2013 at the European Cancer Congress in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
17. Study by the UK’s National Cancer Intelligence Network, 2009.
18. Study by Doris S.M. Chan, Dagfinn Aune and Teresa Norat, ‘Red Meat Intake and Colorectal Cancer Risk: A Summary of Epidemiological Studies.’ Current Nutrition Reports, March 2013, Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp. 56–62.
19. Study by Peng Song, Ming Lu, Qin Yin, Lei Wu, Dong Zhang, Bo Fu, Baolin Wang and Qinghong Zhao, Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology, June 2014, Vol. 140, Issue 6, pp. 979–992.
20. Study by Dr Evropi Theodoratou, of the University of Edinburgh’s School of Molecular, Genetic and Population Health Sciences, published in the European Journal of Cancer Prevention, 2013.
21. Studies detailed in Eat Less, Live Long and; Nutrition Reviews, December 2011, 69(12):730–44. DOI:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00439.x. ‘The Mediterranean diet: effects on proteins that mediate fatty acid metabolism in the colon.’
22. Study by Dr Jane Figueiredo et al., ‘Genome-wide analysis highlights gene interaction with processed meat and vegetable intake for colorectal cancer risk.’ PLoS Genetics, 18 April 2013.
23. sciencecodex.com, 15 August 2013. http://www.sciencecodex.com/diet_high_in_meat_fat_and_refined_grains_linked_to_risk_for_colon_cancer_recurrence_death
24. Study by Rashmi Sinha, PhD, and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute, JAMA Internal Medicine, 23 March 2009, 169[6]:562–571.This ten-year NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study research assessed the association between meat intake and risk of death among more than 500,000 individuals. Also see, study by Cross, A.J., Leitzmann, M.F., Gail, M.H., Hollenbeck, A.R., Schatzkin, A., et al., ‘A prospective study of red and processed meat intake in relation to cancer risk.’ PLoS Medicine, 2007, 4(12): e325. DOI:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040325 PLoS Medicine.
25. Meat Free Week, a campaign backed by the Australian Conservation Foundation, Voiceless and Bowel Cancer Australia, happens the last week of March every year.
26. Study by Russell, W.R., Drew, J.E., Scobbie, L., Duthie, G.G., ‘Inhibition of cytokine-induced prostanoid biogenesis by phytochemicals in human colonic fibroblasts.’ Biochimica et Biophysica Acta at ScienceDirect.com, 2006; 1762:124–130. Also see, Russell, W.R., Scobbie, L., Chesson, A., Richardson, A.J., Stewart, C.S., Duncan, S.H., Drew, J.E., Duthie, G.G., ‘Anti-inflammatory implications of the microbial transformation of dietary phenolic compounds.’ Nutrition and Cancer, 2008; 60:636–642.
27. Study by Professor Marian Waterman and colleagues, University of California, ‘Wnt signaling directs
    a metabolic program of glycolysis and angiogenesis in colon cancer.’ Publication details untraceable, 13 May 2014.
28. Smolińska, K., Paluszkiewicz, P., ‘Risk of colorectal cancer in relation to frequency and total amount of red meat consumption. Systematic review and meta-analysis.’ Archives of Medical Science, 30 August 2010, 6(4):605–10; Epub, 7 September 2010.
29. Study: The Cancer Research Network UK 2013. BBC News, 2 April 2013.
30. National Cancer Registry, Colorectal Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Treatment and Survival in Ireland: 1994–2010. 8 April 2013.
31. Rebecca Siegel, Carol DeSantis and Ahmedin Jemal, ‘The Colorectal Cancer Statistics 2014 Report.’ CA: A Journal for Clinicians, American Cancer Society, 17 March 2014.
32. Study by researchers from Imperial College London and the Netherlands. BMJ, reported by BBC News, 11 November 2011.
33. Study by Dr George Chang, from the MD Anderson Cancer Center, on 393,000 colon cancer patients. JAMA Surgery, 2014.

GOLDEN Rule 4: Give up what Weakens You

1. Kim Severson, Mind over Platter. Sydney Morning Herald, 13 November 2008.
2. Ivan Araujo, Albino Oliviera-Maia, Tatyana Sotnikova, Raul Gainetdinov, Marc Caron, Miguel Nicolelis, Simon Sidney, ‘Food Reward in the absence of taste receptor signaling.’ Neuron, DOI:10. 1016/j.neuron.2008.01.032.
3. ‘Sugar, White Flour Withdrawal Produces Chemical Response’, The Addiction Letter, July 1992:04:00. Also see, Colantuoni, C., et al. ‘Evidence That Intermittent, Excessive Sugar Intake Causes Endogenous Opioid Dependence.’ Obesity Research, June 2002; 10(6):478–488.
4. Christensen L., et al. ‘Impact of A Dietary Change on Emotional Distress.’ Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1985, 94(4):565–79.
5. Ludwig, D.S., et al., ‘High Glycemic Index Foods, Overeating and Obesity.’ Pediatrics, March 1999, 03(3):26–32.
6. Study published in Nutrition Health Review.
7. Study research presented at the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology in Scottsdale, Arizona, December 2008, by researchers at Princeton University.
8. Yasuhito Onodera, Jin-Min Nam and Mina J. Bissell, ‘Increased sugar uptake promotes oncogenesis via EPAC/RAP1 and O-GlcNAc pathways.’ Journal of Clinical Investigation, 2 January 2014.
9. Study by Basu, S., et al. ‘The relationship of sugar to population-level diabetes prevalence: an econometric analysis of repeated cross-sectional data.’ PLoS ONE 2013; DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0057873.
10. H. Du, L. Li, D. Bennett, Y. Guo, Z. Bian, J. Chen, T. Key, R. Collins, R. Peto and Z. Chen, study on 451,682 people over seven years, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, and the National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment in Beijing, European Heart Journal (2014) 35.
11. Study by Liu, L., Zubik, L., Collins, F.W., Marko, M., Meydani, M., ‘The antiatherogenic potential of oat phenolics compounds.’ Atherosclerosis, 2004, 175:39–49. Also see, Davidson, A., The Oxford Companion to Food. Oxford University Press, p. 892.
12. ‘A randomised controlled rechallenge trial’, by Australian researchers. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 2011; 106:508–514. Also see, Di Sabatino, A., Corrazza, G.R., ‘Nonceliac gluten sensitivity: sense or sensibility?’ Annals of Internal Medicine, 2012; 156:309–311.
13. Study presented at the European Respiratory Society’s International Congress on 7 September 2014. http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-09/elf-fia090314.php
14. Lancet, Vol. 358, 4 August 2001. Also see, Gastroenterology, July 2009, 137(1):88–93.
15. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 31 July 2012.
16. Moleski, S.M., et al. ‘Infertility and pregnancy outcomes in celiac disease.’ Presented to the American College of Gastroenterology Conference in Las Vegas 2012, abstract 15.
17. NZ Herald from an article in The Independent, 1 February 2012.

GOLDEN Rule 5: Read Ingredients Panels (RIP) or Rest in Peace

1. Archives of Internal Medicine, 12 April 2010; 170(7):640–7.
2. Study by Hu, E.A., et al., ‘White rice consumption and risk of type II diabetes: Meta-analysis and systematic review.’ BMJ, 2012, DOI:10.1136/bmj.e1454.
3. Dr Josephine Forbes, Group Leader of the of the Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute’s Glycation and Diabetes Laboratory. Studies reported by the Sydney Morning Herald, 25 November 2010.
4. Food report, NZ Herald, 20 March 2011. Also see, Sydney Morning Herald, 29 April 2009, Australian Associated Press (AAP).
5. The Southland Times, 10 August 2009.
6. Sydney Morning Herald and AAP, 17 August 2011.
7. NZ Herald, 7 August 2013.
8. Study by Michael Mink, Assistant Professor, Armstrong Atlantic State University, Journal of the American Dietetic Association, June 2010.
9. Study by Shin-Yi Chou, Lehigh University; Inas Rashad, Georgia State University; Michael Grossman, from the City University of New York, ‘Food Restaurant Advertising on Television and Its Influence on Childhood Obesity.’ Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 51, November 2008.
10. Obesity Reviews, 2008. Also see, Thomas, et al. ‘The association of television viewing with snacking behavior and body weight of young adults.’ American Journal of Health Promotion, May–June 2008, 22(5):329–35. Also see, Lobstein, et al., ‘Evidence of a possible link between obesogenic food advertising and child overweight’. Obesity Review, August 2005, 6(3):203–8. Also see, Harris, et al., ‘Priming effects of television food advertising on eating behavior.’ Health Psychology, 2009, Vol. 28(4), pp. 404–413.
11. Which, a consumer organisation, published their 2009 Annual Survey of the 100 top-selling breakfast cereals. UK Times, April 2009.
12. Sydney Morning Herald, 3 September 2010.

GOLDEN Rule 6: Do not Smoke and Avoid all Smoky Environments

1. The 2010 Global Burden of Disease Study, The Lancet; and the 2010 Heart and Stroke Statistics Report, American Heart Association and WHO.
2. Study by Brian L. Rostron for the CDC, on two National Health Interview Surveys, JAMA Internal Medicine, 12 October 2014.
3. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland.
4. CNN, August 2012.
5. Sydney Morning Herald, 30 January 2011.
6. Study by Antonio Agudo and colleagues, Catalan Institute of Oncology, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2012.
7. From a report by Zhao Ping, Deputy Director General of the Cancer Foundation of China and co-author of the 2010 report on smoking in Asia.
8. The Associated Press and NZ Herald, 16 December 2010.
9. NZ Herald, 15 July 2010.
10. The Associated Press, 6 August 2014.
11. Donald R. Yance, CN, MH, AHG, with Arlene Valentine, Herbal Medicine, Healing and Cancer: A Comprehensive Program for Prevention and Treatment. Publication information unavailable.
12. NZ Herald, 28 October 2010.
13. The Lancet, 17 December 2012.
14. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 2011. Reported in Sydney Morning Herald, 17 January 2011.
15. Report by Dr Sharon Saydah, a CDC Senior Scientist, Pediatrics, March 2013.
16. Study at the St John’s Institute of Dermatology, London. Reported by the London Press Service.
17. Study by Mark Weiser, Professor of Psychiatry, and colleagues, Tel Aviv University. Released by CDC, 1 April 2010.
18. Cancer Causes Control, Moffitt Cancer Center and the University of South Florida, December 2011.
19. Study by Leonardi-Bee, J., et al., ‘Smoking and the risk of non-melanoma skin cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis.’ Archives of Dermatology 2012, DOI:10.1001/archdermatol.2012.1374. Also see, Verkouteren, J., Nijsten, T., ‘Smoking, a dangerous habit for the skin.’ Archives of Dermatology 2012.
20. Tobacco giants Philip Morris and British American Tobacco added appetite suppressants to cigarettes, according to internal industry documents, released during litigation in the United States, dating from 1949 to 1999, according to published Swiss research in the European Journal of Public Health, 2011.
21. Report from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey, UK, 9 February 2010.
22. NeuroImage, reported by Sydney Morning Herald, 10 February 2011.
23. Rachel Whitmer, Research Scientist, and colleagues, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California, covering 21,123 people. Archives of Internal Medicine, October 2010.
24. Norwegian research as reported by the NZ Herald, 13 January 2011.
25. New Zealand study as reported by the NZ Herald, 13 January 2011.
26. NZ Herald, 11 November 2010.
27. ‘Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for coronary heart disease in women compared with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.’ The Lancet, Early Online Publication, 11 August 2011.
28. Pirie, K., et al., ‘The 21st century hazards of smoking and benefits of stopping: a prospective study of one million women in the UK.’ The Lancet, 26 October 2012, DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61720-6.
29. Dr Inga-Cecilie Soerheim, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, and the University of Bergen, Norway, study presented to The American Thoracic Society, San Diego, California, May 2009.
30. The Daily Telegraph, 27 January 2011.
31. Study by Stacey Kenfield and colleagues, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston. Journal of the American Medical Association, May 2008.
32. The American Journal of Gastroenterology, online, 10 July 2012.
33. Mia Gaudet, Director of Genetic Epidemiology, and colleagues, American Cancer Society, study of lifestyle factors on more than 73,000 women, over 14 years. Journal of the National Cancer Institute,
    28 February 2013.
34. Land, S.R., et al., ‘Cigarette smoking, fitness, and alcohol use as predictors of cancer outcomes among women in the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) Breast Cancer Prevention Trial (BCPT).’ Study on more than 111,000 women who were followed for 30 years. American Society for Clinical Oncology, Abstract 1505, 19 May 2011.
35. Study by Dr Elizabeth R Bertone-Johnson on 116,678 US registered nurses in the Nurses’ Health Study II, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA. American Journal of Epidemiology, January 2009.
36. Study by Chang Yan Chen, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Massachusetts. Cancer Research, October 2008.
37. Canadian study of 500 young women published in Tobacco Control, April 2011.
38. From internal industry documents dating from 1949 to 1999 as released during litigation in the United States.
39. Study by Austrian researchers from the University of Vienna, the Medical University of Vienna, and the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, British Medical Journal Open, August 2014. Also see, study by East Tennessee State University researchers on data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development 1991–2007. Journal of Pediatrics and Child Health, August 2014.
40. Study surveyed more than 8000 current and former smokers with more than 40% incorrectly thinking that ‘light’ cigarettes ‘were better for them.’ Addiction, 2011.
41. Study by international researchers on ‘the blood of mothers and their babies as well as the blood and sperm of the babies’ fathers’. Led by a team at the University of Bradford, Yorkshire, UK. Journal of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 2012.
42. Study on 889 newborns with maternal smoking rates showed ‘altered methylation in 110 gene regions’. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2013.
43. Study by John S. Torday, PhD, and Virender K. Rehan, MD, lead researchers, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute. Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology, March 2013.
44. Study by Professor Marcus Pembrey, Clinical Geneticist, Institute of Child Health in London, on 14,000-strong parent survey results in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, 1991–2012. This is the most comprehensive study of its kind.
45. The Lancet, 23 August 2013.
46. Sydney Morning Herald and Australian Federal Police, 13 April 2011.
47. Reuters, 26 June 2010.
48. Study by Pranay G. Lal, Nevin C. Wilson and Prakash C. Gupta. Current Science, 2012.
49. Study by researchers from the University of Milan, Italy and University of Lausanne, Switzerland, Annals of Oncology 2011. Also see, a 2010 review of WHO’s Health-for-All mortality database from 30 European countries. Tobacco Control, 12 January 2011.
50. TobaccoChina Online, a website catering to the tobacco industry. Publication information not available.
51. Information from the Chinese Ministry of Health, reported by Caixin Online, 19 July 2012.
52. TobaccoChina Online. Publication information not available.
53. TobaccoChina Online. Publication information not available.
54. NZ Herald, 9 August 2010.
55. Bloomberg News Agency, USA, 22 January 2011.
56. Study by Muy-Teck Teh, Queen Mary, University of London, funded by the Medical Research Council. PLoS ONE, April 2009.
57. Study by Daliao Xiao, Xiaohui Huang, Shumei Yang, Lubo Zhang, ‘Antenatal Nicotine Induces Heightened Oxidative Stress and Vascular Dysfunction in Rat Offspring.’ British Journal of Pharmacology, July 2011.
58. NZ Herald, 3 March 2011.
59. Study meta-analysis by Dr Andy Parrot, Psychologist, and researchers, University of East London. American Psychologist, 2013.
60. Nature, publication information not available.
61. Studies carried out at the University of Michigan Medical School and Washington State University. Addiction, August 2008.
62. New Zealand smokers sucked out 1.62 mg of nicotine a cigarette, the second-highest amount tested. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 2010.
63. Mortality risk chart from the American Cancer Society and National Centre for Health Statistics. US Journal of the National Cancer Institute, June 2008.
64. Study by Baris, D., et al., ‘Case-control study of smoking and bladder cancer risk: Emergent patterns over time.’ Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 2009; 101: 1553–61. Also see, study by Alberg, D.,
    et al., ‘Cigarette smoking and bladder cancer: A new twist in an old saga?’ Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2009, 101:E1-2. Also, Strope and Montie, Journal of Urology, July 2008.
65. J.G. Hogervorst, L.J. Schouten, E.J. Konings, R.A. Goldbohm, and P.A. van den Brandt, ‘Dietary acrylamide intake and the risk of renal cell, bladder, and prostate cancer.’ American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 87, No. 5, May 2008, pp. 1428–1438.
66. Study analysing the US-based Nurses’ Health Study, the Tasmanian MS Study and the Swedish MS Study. Neurology, April 2010.
67. Chelsea Myers, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, study on data from the 1988–2008 Beaver Dam Eye Study on almost 5000 adults. Ophthalmology, 19 June 2014.
68. Study by Dr Adam Gepner, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin. American Heart Journal, 2010.
69. From a report by Zhao Ping, Deputy Director General of the Cancer Foundation of China and co-author of the 2010 report on smoking in Asia, 2012.
70. Associated Press, 22 February 2011.
71. Study figures supplied by research company ACNielsen after the Government increased excise tax on factory-made cigarettes by 10% and on loose tobacco by 25% in April 2010.
72. Baumgardner, J.R., et al., ‘Cigarette taxes and the federal budget — Report from the CBO.’ New England Journal of Medicine, 28 November 2012, 367:2068–2070.
73. Study by Marcus R. Munafò, PhD, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 25 April 2012.
74. Study by Yao He, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, on 910 adults, over 17 years. Chest, 2012.
75. Study from 192 countries on the global impact of second-hand smoking. The Lancet, November 2010 and reported by WHO, 27 November 2010.
76. Ibid.
77. Ibid.
78. As reported in the Murray Laugesen/Alistair Woodward paper by the New Zealand Ministry of Health. Publication information not available.
79. Report by the Tobacco Advisory Group of the Royal College of Physicians, UK, as carried out by the UK Centre for Tobacco Control Studies, partly based at Nottingham University. 24 March 2010.
80. Study by Professor Jo Leonardi-Bee and colleagues, University of Nottingham, UK, on combined data from 19 studies looking at the effects of second-hand smoke on the rates of miscarriage, newborn death and birth defects, Pediatrics, 2011. Also see, the research and articles published in The Lancet on 14 April 2011.
81. Ibid.
82. Ibid.
83. Study by researchers at the University of Nottingham on data analysed from 18 different studies on the link between passive smoking and meningitis. BMC Public Health, 2013.
84. Study by a team of scientists led by Dr Caroline Blackwell, Department of Medical Microbiology, Edinburgh University, Scotland. Publication information not available.
85. Ibid.
86. American Lung Association, 2009.
87. ‘The California Scientific Review Panel on Toxic Air Contaminants.’ Publication information not available.
88. Research published by The Royal College of Physicians. The Press Association, 5 June 2013.
89. Dr John P. Forman and colleagues, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, study on more than 100,000 women, 1982–2012. Sydney Morning Herald, NZ Herald, 12 March 2011.
90. Study by Dr Ryo Otsuka and researchers, Osaka City University, Japan. Journal of the American Medical Association. Publication information not available.
91. Jean Seguin, Professor of Psychiatry, and Huijbregts, et al., ‘Maternal prenatal smoking, parental antisocial behavior, and early childhood physical aggression.’ University of Montreal, Development and Psychopathology, 2008, 20 (2): DOI:10.1017/S0954579408000217. Also see, research on 1745 children, University of Montreal. Development and Psychopathology, January 2009.
92. Rückinger, S., Rzehak, P., Chen, C.M., Sausenthaler, S., Koletzko, S., Bauer, C.P., Hoffmann, U., Kramer, U., Berdel, D., von Berg, A., Bayer, O., Wichmann, H.E., von Kries, R., Heinrich, J., ‘Prenatal and Postnatal Tobacco Exposure and Behavioral Problems in 10 Year Old Children: Results from the GINI-plus Prospective Birth Cohort Study.’ Environmental Health Perspectives, DOI:10.1289/ehp.0901209. Date of publication not available.
93. Frank Bandiera, study on almost 3000 children aged 8–15, Miller School Of Medicine, University of Miami. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, April 2011. Also see, study by Hillel Alpert, Research Scientist, Harvard School of Public Health, on more than 55,000 children, as part of the 2007 National Survey on Children’s Health. Pediatrics, July 2011.
94. Study by researchers as Otago University, Dunedin, New Zealand. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, reported in NZ Herald, 8 Feburary 2011.
95. Ibid.
96. Study on 400 ten year olds, ‘Environmental tobacco smoke and cardiometabolic risk in young children.’ European Heart Journal, 2009.
97. Llewellyn, D.J., et al., ‘Exposure to second hand smoke and cognitive impairment in non-smokers: national cross sectional study with cotinine measurement.’ British Medical Journal 2009, 338:b462. Also see, Liguez, S.D., et al., ‘Nicotine Exposure During Adolescence Induces a Depression-Like State in Adulthood.’ Neuropsychopharmacology, 2008, DOI:10.1038/npp.2008.220.
98. Gina S. Lovasi, Ana V. Diez Roux, Eric A. Hoffman, Steven M. Kawut, David R. Jacobs Jr and R. Graham Barr, ‘Association of Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Childhood With Early Emphysema in Adulthood Among Nonsmokers; The MESA-Lung Study.’ American Journal of Epidemiology, December 2009.
99. Dr Kenneth Rosenman, a Michigan State University professor, wrote about the case in the American Journal of Industrial Medicine. Date of publication not available.
100. NZ Herald, 22 December 2010
101. Associated Press, 22 February 2011.
102. Sydney Morning Herald, 1 December 2010.
103. Study by Behrakis and colleagues, University of Athens, the Hellenic Cancer Society in Greece, and the Harvard School of Public Health, presented at CHEST 2012, the annual meeting of the American College of Chest Physicians, Atlanta.
104. Study by Hecht, H.S., et al., ‘Secondhand tobacco smoke in never smokers is a significant risk factor for coronary artery calcification.’ Journal of the American College of Cardiology Cardiovascular Imaging 2013, presented to the American College of Cardiology meeting, San Francisco, March 2013.
105. Study meta-analysis by University of California researchers on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the National Health Interview Survey and the Multiple Cause of Death data file records. Journal of Public Health, October 2012.
106. Dr Theodore Friedman, Chairman of the Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University, Los Angeles, study on data from more than 6300 adults who participated in the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001–2006. Presented at the Endocrine Society’s annual 2012 meeting, Houston, 1 July 2012.
107. Study on more than 3700 adults in Australia and Finland. European Heart Journal, 5 March 2014.
108. Akinbami, L.J., et al., ‘Impact of tobacco smoke exposure on children ages 6–19 years with asthma in the US, 2003–2010.’ Pediatric Academic Societies, 2012; Abstract 4340.2, presented 1 May 2012 at the Pediatric Academic Societies annual meeting, Boston.
109. Quinto, K.B., et al., ‘Environmental tobacco smoke exposure in children aged 3–19 years with and without asthma in the United States, 1999–2010.’ NCHS Data Brief 2013. Also see, Hannah Burke, BMBS, a systematic review and meta-analysis of 71 prospective epidemiologic studies, University of Nottingham, UK. Pediatrics, 19 March 2012, 129:735–744.
110. Lemke, M., a cross-sectional study on 451 mother-infant pairs, 2004–2008, with infant lower respiratory tract infection. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 2013, DOI:10.1016/j.anai.2013.04.010. Also see, study by Dr Karen Wilson, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, The Journal of Pediatrics, 6 August 2012.
111. Dr Chi Le-Ha, MD, and colleagues, study data from a longitudinal birth cohort of 1057 Perth adolescents, University of Western Australia, ‘Gender Difference in the Relationship between Passive Smoking Exposure and HDL-Cholesterol Levels in Late Adolescence.’ The Endocrine Society’s Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2013.
112. J. Luo and colleagues, analysis of 79,990 women aged 50–79 enrolled in the Women’s Health Initiative Study, over a 20-year period, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown. British Medical Journal, 2012.
113. Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 24 March 2014.
114. Antonio Agudo, researcher, and colleagues, Catalan Institute of Oncology, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2012.
115. Researchers from Anhui Medical University, China and King’s College, London, study on more than 6000 participants aged over 60 living in five Chinese provinces. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, January 2013.
116. Study by Vuolo, M., Associate Professor of Sociology, Pennsylvania State University, ‘Parent and child cigarette use: A longitudinal, multigenerational study.’ Pediatrics 2013, DOI:10.1542/peds.2013–0067.
117. Study by Pugmire, J., et al., ‘Respiratory health effects of childhood exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in children followed to adulthood.’ American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 185; 2012: A1758.
118. Martins-Green, M., et al., ‘Cigarette smoke toxins deposited on surfaces: Implications for human health.’ PLoS ONE2014, 9: e86391.
119. Bo Hang and colleagues, ‘Thirdhand smoke causes DNA damage in human cells’, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Mutagenesis, 2013.
120. Research from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, reported by The Daily Mail, 16 March 2014.
121. Study on 469 people by researchers at by the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, 2010.
122. National Cancer Institute report, August 2008.
123. Study by Lisa Henriksen, Senior Research Scientist, and colleagues, Stanford University Medical School. Pediatrics, August 2010.
124. Dr Judith McCool and Lisa Webb, Auckland University, Heart Foundation-funded study. NZ Herald, 24 June 2010.
125. Study by Professor Janet Hoek from the Department of Marketing at the University of Otago, Tobacco Control, 2010. Also see, study by Dr Andrew A. Strasser, Associate Professor of Psychiatry, and researchers from the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, online 15 June 2012.
126. Study by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and University of California researchers, released in August 2010.
127. Report funded by Legacy, published by the University of California San Francisco and Thumbs Up! Thumbs Down!, a project of Breathe California of Sacramento-Emigrant Trails, 2013.
128. Study by researchers from the University of California, San Francisco, funded by the American Legacy Foundation. Los Angeles Times, 27 September 2012.
129. Sargent, J.D., et al., ‘Influence of motion picture rating on adolescent response to movie smoking.’ Pediatrics, 9 July 2012, DOI:10.1542/peds.2011–1787.
130. Research published in Tobacco Control, 2008.
131. A quote from exposed documents from a marketing meeting in 1968, quoted by Louis Bantle, the former Marketing Director and Chairman of US Tobacco, as told to Forbes in 1980.
132. James D. Sargent, Jennifer J. Tickle, Michael L. Beach, Madeline A. Dalton, M. Bridget Ahrens and Todd F Heatherton, research published 6 January 2001.
133. Dr Guy Eslick and other researchers, School of Public Health, University of Sydney. Medical Journal of Australia, 1 June 2009.
134. Study by Jamieson, P.E., Romer, D., ‘Portrayal of tobacco use in prime-time TV dramas: trends and associations with adult cigarette consumption — USA, 1955–2010.’ Tobacco Control, 2014, DOI:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050896.
135. Marlboro Man Eric Lawson died of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Marlboro Man David Millar of Meriden, N.H., succumbed to emphysema. Marlboro Man David McLean died of lung cancer.
136. Study by Simon Chapman, Professor of Public Health, University of Sydney. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 8 October 2010.
137. Study by Frederieke van der Deen, Otago University (Wellington campus), involved researchers from New Zealand and Britain. New Zealand Medical Journal, 20 June 2014.
138. Research by the Tobacco Free Research Institute in Ireland, 2013.
139. The Press, 1 January 2011.
140. According to the 2008 Health and Lifestyles Survey. NZ Medical Journal, 2010.
141. ‘Family tells of smoking death pain and British American Tobacco responds.’ With Maori Party MP Hone Harawira and Graeme Amey, General Manager of British American Tobacco, New Zealand.
     NZ Herald, 12 March 2010.
142. NZ Herald, 11 January 2011.
143. Reuters, 24 February 2011.
144. Stanton Glantz and colleagues, Director of the Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California-San Francisco, and colleagues. Circulation, 29 October 2012.
145. Anna Gilmore and colleagues, Bath University. British Medical Journal, 2012.
146. New England Journal of Medicine, 2010.
147. A major Cochrane review of over ten studies from North America, Italy and Scotland.
148. ‘Summary of Vital Statistics in New York City 2011’, Annual Summary of Vital Statistics, New York Health Department. The definitive record of births and deaths in New York City.
149. Study released by CDC and Prevention, 15 September 2011.
150. Dr Georg E. Matt, PhD, et al., ‘Thirdhand smoke and exposure in California hotels: non-smoking rooms fail to protect non-smoking hotel guests from tobacco smoke exposure.’ San Diego State University, California. Tobacco Control, 11 May, 2013, DOI:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050824.
151. William F. Jr. Buckley, ‘My Smoking Confession.’ New York Sun, 3 December 2007. Buckley is a prominent author, the founder and editor of National Review and considered the father of the Modern Conservative Movement.
152. Jeffrey Wigand is the insider scientist who exposed the truth about the big tobacco companies’ dirtiest secrets. Compiled from an interview by Anthony Hubbard, Sunday Star-Times, 6 June 2010.
153. United States Department of Health and Human Services, 1994, 2012.
154. Laura Crimaldi, Bostonherald.com, 28 May 2010; Isabel Jensen, New Idea, October 2010.
155. As reported by theage.co.au.com, 16 August 2012.
156. NZ Herald, 12 December 2013.

GOLDEN Rule 7: Eat a Local, Seasonal, Balanced, Plant-Based Wholefood Diet

1. The 2010 Global Burden of Disease Study, The Lancet; 2010 Heart and Stroke Statistics Report, The American Heart Association and the WHO.
2. The Adventist Health Study is a cohort investigation that has been tracking since 1974. Researchers at the Center for Health Research, headquarters for the Adventist Health Study, and every scientist, researcher, doctor and professor has agreed that the lifestyle these people follow is amongst the healthiest in the world and it gives the Adventists strong protection against all the deadly diseases that are crippling the modern world while delivering ten times more centenarians than the US average.
3. Study by researchers at the Wake Forest School of Medicine in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. Menopause, 30 July 2014.
4. The study by Massey University students and commissioned by Beef and Lamb New Zealand surveyed 400 households on their red meat eating habits and found that on average New Zealanders eat red meat five times a week. New Zealand Press Association, 9 September 2010.
5. Kirby, Alex, for BBC NEWS 2004, ‘Hungry world ‘must eat less meat.’’ Also see, study by Vesterby, Marlow and Krupa, Kenneth S., ‘Major Uses of Land in the United States.’ 1997 Statistical Bulletin No. (SB973), September 2001.
6. Swedish study by Bellavia, A., Larsson, S.C., Bottai, M., Wolk, A., Orsini, N., ‘Fruit and vegetable consumption and all-cause mortality: a dose-response analysis.’ American Journal of Clinical Nutrition online, 26 June 2013.
7. Roy Morgan Research polled 6142 New Zealanders and 8985 Australians aged 14+ between July and December 2013. Press release, 27 Febraury 2014.
8. Steinmetz, K.A., et al., a review of over 206 epidemiological studies. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 1996, 96 (10):1027–39. Also see, Potter, J.D., ‘Vegetables, fruit, and cancer.’ Lancet, August 2005, 366(9485): 527–30. Also, Smith-Warner, S.A., et al., ‘Fruits, vegetables, and adenomatous polyps: the Minnesota Cancer Prevention Research Unit case-control study.’ American Journal of Epidemiology, 155(12): 1104–13, June 2002.
9. Åkesson, Agneta, et al., ‘Combined Effect of Low-Risk Dietary and Lifestyle Behaviours in Primary Prevention of Myocardial Infarction in Women.’ Karolinska Institutet, Sweden, Archives of Internal Medicine, Vol. 167, No. 19, 22 October 2007. Also see, study on data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1988–1994, analysed by Rathod, A.D., et al., ‘Healthy eating index and mortality in a nationally representative elderly cohort.’ Archives of Internal Medicine, 2012, 172(3): 275–277.
10. Journal of Nutrition, Vol. 136, pp. 2606–2610. Also see, study of nearly 135,000 Shanghai adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, online, 18 May 2011.
11. Patrice Carter and colleagues, Diabetes Research Unit, Leicester University. British Medical Journal, 2010.
12. Study by Dr Sonia Anand, Professor of Medicine and Epidemiology, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, and research colleagues at McMaster University and McGill University, Canada, late 2011.
13. Public Health Nutrition, 2003, Vol. 6, pp. 453–461.
14. Study by Warburg, Otto, ‘The Oxygen-Transferring Ferment of Respiration.’ Nobel Lecture, 1931. Nobel Lectures, Physiology or Medicine 1922–1941, Amsterdam, Elsevier Publishing Company, 1965. Also see, Chernomorsky, S., et al., ‘Effect of Dietary Chlorophyll Derivatives on Mutagenesis and Tumour Cell Growth.’ Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis, 79:313–322, 1999. Also, Vlad, M., et al., ‘Effect of Cuprofilin on Experimental Atherosclerosis.’ Romania, Institute of Public Health and Medical Research, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoka, 1995.
15. Study on men enrolled in the North Carolina-Louisiana Prostate Cancer Project, as presented on 19 October 2012 at the annual Cancer Prevention Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research, Anaheim, California.
16. Study by Raul Zamora-Ros, researcher, and colleagues, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Spain. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2012.
17. Scientists from New Zealand’s Plant & Food Research. Anaerobe, 2013.
18. Zamora Ros, R., Rabassa, M., Cherubini, A., Urpí Sardà, M., Bandinelli, S., Ferrucci, L., Andrés Lacueva, C., ‘High concentrations of a urinary biomarker of polyphenol intake are associated with decreased mortality in older adults.’ US National Insitute on Aging, Journal of Nutrition, June 2013. PMID: 23803472. Also see, study by Dr Ki Won Lee, Dr Ann M. Bode and Dr Zigang Dong at the world-renowned medical research centre, The Hormel Institute, in Austin, Minnesota. Nature Reviews Cancer, February 2011.
19. Study analysis from an international retrospective case-control study of acute nonfatal MI, the INTERHEART study, as well as FINRISK, of cardiovascular disease in Finland, by Do, R., et al., ‘The effect of chromosome 9p21 variants on cardiovascular disease may be modified by dietary intake: Evidence from a case/control and a prospective study.’ PLoS Medicine 2011, 9(10): e1001106.
20. Study by Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Los Angeles School of Public Health, Journal of the American Dietetic Society, Vol. 106, pp. 1394–1404. Also see, study by Dr Chaoyang Li
    of the US CDC, in Atlanta. Archives of Internal Medicine, 2010. Also, study by Hung H.C., Joshipura, K.J., Jiang, R., ‘Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of major chronic disease.’ Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 2004, 96:1577–1584.
21. Consumer Reports National Research Center report, April 2009. Also see, study from the Department of Nutritional Sciences at Pennsylvania State University, Physiology and Behavior, 19 March 2009.
22. Study by University of Sydney researchers. Diabetes Care, August 2007. Also see, study by R. Villegas, X.O. Shu, Y.T. Gao, G. Yang, T. Elasy, H. Li, W. Zheng, ‘Vegetable but not fruit consumption reduces the risk of type 2 diabetes in Chinese women.’ Journal of Nutrition, Vol. 138, pp. 574–580.
23. An epidemiological project of 71,346 female nurses as conducted at the School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans. Diabetes Care. Also see, study by Mandel, E., et al., ‘Plasma bicarbonate and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus.’ Canadian Medical Association Journal, 2012.
24. From the meta-analysis by scientists from France’s INSERM in Paris, Lille’s Pasteur Institute, and Rouen’s Department of Epidemiology and Public Health. Journal of Nutrition, Vol. 136, pp. 2588–2593.
25. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2001, 20:71–80.
26. Study by N.T. Akbaraly, H. Faure, V. Gourlet, A. Favier, C. Berr, ‘Plasma Carotenoid Levels and Cognitive Performance in an Elderly Population: Results of an EVA Study.’ Journal of Gerontology: Medical Science, Vol. 62A, No. 3, pp. 308–316.
27. Study by L. Tang, G.R. Zirpoli, K. Guru, K.B. Moysich, Y. Zhang, C.B. Ambrosone, S.E. McCann, ‘Consumption of Raw Cruciferous Vegetables is Inversely Associated with Bladder Cancer Risk.’ Cancer

Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 1 April 2008, Vol. 17, pp. 938–944, DOI:10.1158/1055–9965.EPI-07-2502.

1. P.N. Mitrou, V. Kipnis, A.C.M. Thiebaut, J. Reedy, A.F. Subar, E. Wirfalt, A. Flood, T. Mouw, A.R. Hollenbeck, M.F. Leitzmann, A. Schatzkin, ‘Mediterranean Dietary Pattern and Prediction of All-Cause Mortality in a US Population — Results From the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study.’ Archives of Internal Medicine, Vol. 167, No. 22, pp. 2461–2468.
2. Zhang, Y., et al., ‘Cherry consumption and the risk of recurrent gout attacks.’ Arthritis & Rheumatism 2012; DOI:10.1002/art.34677.
3. Rautiainen S. and fellow researchers, study on the Swedish Mammography Cohort, ‘Total antioxidant capacity of diet and risk of stroke: A population-based prospective cohort study.’ Karolinska Institutet, Sweden, Stroke: Journal of the American Heart Association, 2011.
4. Study by Dr Frank B. Hu, of the departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, on 833,234 people. BMJ, 2014, 349:g4490, 29 July 2014.
5. Study on over 86,000 women, followed for 26 years. American Journal of Epidemiology, September 2011.
6. B.N. Fink, S.E. Steck, M.S. Wolff, J.A. Britton, G.C. Kabat, M.M. Gaudet, P.E. Abrahamson, P. Bell, J.C. Schroeder, S.L. Teitelbaum, A.I. Neugut, and M.D. Gammon, ‘Dietary Flavonoid Intake and Breast Cancer Survival among Women on Long Island.’ University of North Carolina, University of Toledo, University of South Carolina, Mt Sinai School of Medicine, Columbia University, Albert Einstein School of Medicine, National Cancer Institute. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, November 2007, Vol. 16, No. 11, pp. 2285–2292.
7. A. Kubo, T. R. Levin, G. Block, G.J. Rumore, C.P. Quesenberry Jr, P. Buffler, D.A. Corley, ‘Dietary Patterns and the Risk of Barrett’s Esophagus.’ International Journal of Cancer, 20 October 2006.
8. O. Dosil-Diaz, A. Ruano-Ravina, J.J. Gestal-Otero, J.M. Barros-Dios, ‘Consumption of fruit and vegetables and risk of lung cancer: A case-control study in Galicia, Spain.’ Nutrition, 7 March 2008.
9. Gerd Bobe, Stephanie J. Weinstein, Demetrius Albanes, Tero Hirvonen, Jason Ashby, Phil R. Taylor, Jarmo Virtamo, and Rachael Z. Stolzenberg-Solomon, ‘Flavonoid Intake and Risk of Pancreatic Cancer in Male Smokers.’ Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, March 2008, Vol. 17, pp. 553–62.
10. Seow, A., et al., Carcinogenesis. 2002, 23(12):2055–61.
11. Study on over 2300 people over 12 years. International Journal of Cancer, 20 October 2006.
12. Taken from the French cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. American Journal of Epidemiology.
13. Nancy R. Cook, ScD; Christine M. Albert, MD; J. Michael Gaziano, MD; Elaine Zaharris, BA; Jean MacFadyen, BA; Eleanor Danielson, MIA; Julie E. Buring, ScD; JoAnn E. Manson, MD, DrPH, ‘A Randomized Factorial Trial of Vitamins C and E and Beta Carotene in the Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Events in Women — Results From the Women’s Antioxidant Cardiovascular Study.’ Annals of Internal Medicine, 2007, 167:1610–1618.
14. Study released jointly by the World Cancer Research Fund and the American Institute for Cancer Research. NZ Herald, NZPA and Reuters, 1 November 2007.
15. Study by Nick Townsend and colleagues, from WHO and OECD. European Heart Journal, released August 2014.
16. Combs, G.F., ‘The Vitamins.’ Fundamental Aspects in Nutrition and Health. Academic Press, 2nd edition, San Diego, CA, 2001:245–272. Also see, study by Jeffery, E.H., Brown, A.F., Kurilich, A.C., Keck, A.S., Matusheski, N., Klein, B.P., Juvik, J.A., ‘Variation in content of bioactive components in broccoli.’ Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 2003, 16(3):323–330. Also see, study by Matusheski, N.V., Juvik, J.A., and Jeffery, E.H., ‘Heating decreases epithiospecifier protein activity and increases sulforaphane formation in broccoli.’ Phytochemistry, 2004, 65(9):1273–1281.
17. Study by Li, Y., Zhang, T., Kauraka, H., Liu, S., Lee, H.F., Newman, B., Yu, Y., Clouthier, S.G., Schwartz, S.J., Wicha, M.S., Arbor, Ann, and Sun, D., ‘Sulforaphane, a dietary component of broccoli/broccoli sprouts, inhibits breast cancer stem cells.’ Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and University of Michigan,
18. Study by Duxin Sun, PhD, Associate Professor of Pharmaceutical Sciences at the U-M College of Pharmacy and a researcher with the U-M Comprehensive Cancer Center, Clinical Cancer Research, 2010.
19. Fimognari, C., Hrelia, P., ‘Sulforaphane as a promising molecule for fighting cancer.’ Mutation Research, 2007, 635(2-3):90–104. Also see, Fahey, J.W., Talalay, P., ‘Antioxidant Functions of Sulforaphane: a Potent Inducer of Phase II Detoxication Enzymes.’ Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2007, 37(9-10):
    973–979.
20. Yeh, C.T., Yen, G.C., ‘Chemopreventive functions of sulforaphane: A potent inducer of antioxidant enzymes and apoptosis.’ Journal of Functional Foods, 2009, 1(1):23–32.
21. Choi, W.Y., Choi, B.T., Lee, W.H., Choi, Y.H., ‘Sulforaphane generates reactive oxygen species leading to mitochondrial perturbation for apoptosis in human leukaemia U937 cells.’ Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 2008, 62(9):637–644.
22. Study by Singletary and MacDonald, Cancer Letters. University of Illinois, 2000.
23. Study conducted by a team at the Institute of Food Research at the Norwich Research Park, using prostate tissue from men and cancerous cells from mice. BioMed Central, Molecular Cancer, 2010.
24. Brooks, J.D. and Paton, V.G., Vidanes, G., ‘Potent Induction of Phase 2 Enzymes in Human Prostate Cells by Sulforaphane.’ Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 2001, 10:949–954.
25. Nair, S., Hebbar, V., Shen, G., Gopalakrishnan, V., Oo Khor, T, Yu, S., Xu, C., Kong, A.N., ‘Synergistic effects of a combination of dietary factors sulforaphane and (-)epigallocatechin-3-gallate in HT-29 AP-1 human colon cancer cells.’ Pharmaceutical Research, 2008, 25(2):387–399.
26. Study by scientists at Comprehensive Cancer Center, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital, Ohio State University, and the Richard J. Solove Research Institute. Cancer Prevention Research, 29 June 2010.
27. Study by the research team at the Roswell Park Cancer Institute in Buffalo, New York, presented to the American Association of Cancer Research in Philadelphia, November 2008.
28. International Journal of Oncology, August 2008.
29. H.J. Kim, B. Barajas, M. Wang, A.E. Nel, ‘Nrf2 activation by sulforaphane restores the age-related decrease of TH1 immunity: Role of dendritic cells.’ Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology.
30. Tang, L., Zhang, Y., ‘Dietary isothiocyanates inhibit the growth of human bladder carcinoma cells.’ Journal of Nutrition, 2004, 134(8):2004–2010.
31. Mingzhan Xue, Qingwen Qian, Adaikalakoteswari Antonysunil, Naila Rabbani, Roya Babaei-Jadidi, and Paul J. Thornalley, ‘Activation of NF-E2-related factor-2 reverses biochemical dysfunction of endothelial cells induced by hyperglycemia linked to vascular disease.’ University of Warwick, Diabetes, August 2008, 57:2809–2817.
32. Mukherjee, S., Gangopadhyay, H., Das, D.K., ‘Broccoli: A Unique Vegetable That Protects Mammalian Hearts through the Redox Cycling of the Thioredoxin Superfamily.’ Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2007, 56 (2):609–617.
33. Study by researchers from Imperial College London Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, 2010.
34. M. Vermeulen, I.W.A.A. Klopping-Ketelaars, R. van den Berg, and W.H.J. Vaes, ‘Bioavailability and Kinetics of Sulforaphane in Humans after Consumption of Cooked versus Raw Broccoli.’ TNO Quality of Life, Netherlands, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, October 2008.
35. Study by a team from Massey University and Crop and Food Research in New Zealand, the Roswell Park Cancer Institute and the Johns Hopkins University in the United States, and the Waikato Medical Research Foundation. Presented to a meeting of the American Association of Cancer Research in Philadelphia.
36. Study by Talalay, P., Fahey, J.W., Healy, Z.R., Wehage, S.L., Benedict, A.L., Min, C., Dinkova-Kostova, A.T., ‘Sulforaphane mobilizes cellular defenses that protect skin against damage by UV radiation.’ Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 2008, 104(44):17500–17505.
37. Dinkova-Kostova, A., Jenkins, S., Fahey, J., Ye, L., Wehage, S., Liby, K., Stephenson, K., Wade,
    K., Talalay, P., ‘Protection against UV-light-induced skin carcinogenesis in SKH-1 high-risk mice by sulforaphane-containing broccoli sprout extracts.’ Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 2005, 14(11): 243–252.
38. Study by Penn State College of Medicine scientists, Clinical Cancer Research, March 2009.
39. M.A. Riedl, A. Saxon, D. Diaz-Sanchez, ‘Oral sulforaphane increases Phase II antioxidant enzymes in the human upper airway.’ Clinical Immunology, March 2009, Vol. 130, Issue 3, pp. 244–251.
40. Study by researchers at Johns Hopkins University. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
    Vol. 102, No. 39:14010–14015.
41. U. Nothlings, S.P. Murphy, L.R. Wilkens, B.E. Henderson and L.N. Kolonel, ‘Flavonols and Pancreatic Cancer Risk —The Multiethnic Cohort Study.’ American Journal of Epidemiology, Vol. 166, Issue 8,
    pp. 924–931; doi:10.1093/aje/kwm172.
42. Professor Jon Rhodes, University of Liverpool, study carried out in collaboration with experts in Sweden and Scotland. Gut, 2010.
43. Study by Zhe Lu, MD, PhD, Professor of Physiology, with a University of Pennsylvania research team. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, November 2009.
44. A. Yanaka, J.W. Fahey, A. Fukumoto, M. Nakayama, S. Inoue, S. Zhang, M. Tauchi, H. Suzuki, I. Hyodo, M. Yamamoto, ‘Dietary Sulforaphane-Rich Broccoli Sprouts Reduce Colonization and Attenuate Gastritis in Helicobacter pylori-Infected Mice and Humans.’ Cancer Prevention Research, April 2009, Vol. 2, Issue 4, pp. 353–360.
45. Study by scientists in Japan. Lipids, August 2008.
46. Ibid.
47. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, November 1997.
48. Study by Harvard researchers reviewing data from 66,940 women in the Nurses’ Health Study. Journal of Cancer, 15 November 2007.
49. A study by researchers at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences found that neoxanthin induces death in prostate cancer cells. Journal of Nutrition, September 2004.
50. Study by researchers at Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, a cohort with 3718 participants. Experimental Neurology, May 2005.
51. Study by Charlotte Erlanson-Albertsson, Professor of Appetite Regulation, Lund University, Sweden. Reported on 11 March 2014.
52. Study by the University of Eastern Finland on nearly 3000 middle-aged and elderly Finnish people. Journal of Affective Disorders, 2012.
53. Sun, K., et al., ‘Low serum potassium level is associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and its related metabolic disorders.’ Clinical Endocrinology, 2013; DOI:10.1111/cen.12168.
54. Study on 1321 children in Hastings, New Zealand, aged 10–12 years, with detailed recording of diet, asthma and allergies, known as ISAAC (The International Study on Allergy and Asthma in Childhood). Reported by the NZPA.
55. Study from the University of Newcastle, presented at the American Thoracic Society International Conference, 2010.
56. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 2007.
57. Tabak, C. and Wijga, A.H., ‘The International Study on Allergy and Asthma in Childhood. Dutch National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Utrecht University, University Medical Center Groningen. 1991, ongoing study.
58. Study review of medical records of more than 8000 people ages 2–85, from the Johns Hopkins Children’s study findings. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, May 2009.
59. Study by Charles Mackay and colleagues, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Australia. Nature,
    29 October 2009.
60. As tested by Pharmacia & Upjohn, Sweden.
61. Study by the medical centre team at the Respiratory Medicine Department, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo. Reported by japantimes.com, 1 July 2013.
62. Daniel Imhoff (ed.), From CAFO: The Tragedy of Industrial Animal Factories, Watershed Media and the Foundation for Deep Ecology. A book on Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFO), 2010.
63. Study by a team of researchers and scientists from Florence University in Italy, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2010. Reported by The Daily Telegraph, 2 August 2010.
64. Nimrit Goraya, MD, and colleagues, ‘Fruits and vegetables or oral NaHCO₃ preserve GFR and reduce urine angiotensinogen, a marker of kidney angiotensin II activity, in stage III CKD.’ Texas A&M University, ASN 2012, presented at Kidney Week 2012. Reported by MedPage Today, 4 November 2012.
65. Feng He, MBBS, PhD, et al., ‘Effect of longer-term modest salt reduction on blood pressure: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials.’ Queen Mary University of London, British Medical Journal, 2013, DOI:10.1136/bmj.f1325.
66. Dr Domenico Palli and colleagues, study covering nearly 30,000 Italian women, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2010.
67. Amrita Ahluwalia, PhD, et al., ‘Enhanced vasodilator activity of nitrite in hypertension: critical role for erythrocytic xanthine oxidoreductase and translational potential.’ Queen Mary University of London, Hypertension: Journal of the American Heart Association, 2013.​
68. Study by H. Du, L. Li, D. Bennett, Y. Guo, Z. Bian, J. Chen, T. Key, R. Collins, R. Peto and Z. Chen, University of Oxford, the Nuffield Department of Population Health, UK, the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences in Beijing and the National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment in Beijing. European Heart Journal, 2014, 35.
69. American Journal of Hypertension, April 2014.
70. Study by researchers on data from 93,600 women aged 25–42 enrolled in the Nurses’ Health Study II, Harvard School of Public Health and University of East Anglia, UK. Circulation, 2013.
71. Study by scientists at the Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, MRC Cancer Unit and the University of Cambridge. Nature, 6 November 2014.
72. Denis Lairon and researchers, ‘Nutritional quality and safety of organic food. A review.’ University of Aix-Marseille for the French food agency (AFSSA). Agronomy for Sustainable Development Journal, July 2009.
73. Journal of Applied Nutrition, further publication information not available.
74. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2003.
75. The Firman E. Baer report from Rutgers University, further publication information not available.
76. Chemistry and Industry, Publication information not available.
77. B.A. Stracke, C.E. Rfer, F.P. Weibel, A. Bub, B. Watzl, ‘Three-Year Comparison of the Polyphenol Contents and Antioxidant Capacities in Organically and Conventionally Produced Apples.’ Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, May 2009.
78. US Department of Agriculture report, 2006.
79. Alyson E. Mitchell, PhD, Associate Professor and Food Chemist at UC Davis, and Alexander W. Chassy, ‘Antioxidants and the Nutritional Quality of Organic Agriculture.’ Presented at the annual meeting of the American Advancement of Science, Chicago, February 2009.
80. The Farming Systems Trial (FST)® at Rodale Institute is ‘America’s longest running, side-by-side comparison of organic and chemical agriculture comparing a manure-based organic system, a legume-based organic system, and a synthetic input-based conventional system.’
81. Study by John Reganold, Regents Professor of Soil Science, and colleagues, Washington State University. PLoS. Also see, Davis, D.R., ‘Declining fruit and vegetable nutrient composition: What is the evidence?’ American Society of Horticultural Science, 1 February 2009.
82. Barański, M., Srednicka-Tober, D., Volakakis, N., Seal, C., Sanderson, R., Stewart, G.B., Benbrook,
    C., Biavati, B., Markellou, E., Giotis, C., Gromadzka-Ostrowska, J., Rembiałkowska, E., Skwarło-Sońta, K., Tahvonen, R., Janovská, D., Niggli, U., Nicot, P., Leifert, C., ‘Higher antioxidant and lower cadmium concentrations and lower incidence of pesticide residues in organically grown crops: a systematic literature review and meta-analyses.’ British Journal of Nutrition, September 2014, 112(5):794–811, DOI:10.1017/S0007114514001366.
83. ‘New Evidence Confirms the Nutritional Superiority of Plant-Based Organic Foods.’ Study from the 56-page State of Science Review, March 2008. Also see, ‘Fruit Quality, Antioxidant Capacity, and Flavonoid Content of Organically and Conventionally Grown Blueberries.’ Journal for Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Vol. 56, Issue 14, 2008, pp. 5788–5794.
84. ‘Pesticides Residues Still Too High in Children’s Foods.’ Consumers Union, 2000.
85. Study by researchers in the US and Canada on 1139 children aged 8–15. Pediatrics, 17 May 2010. Also see, Bouchard, et al., ‘Prenatal Exposure to Organophosphate Pesticides and IQ in 7-Year-Old Children.’
86. ‘Pesticide Residues in Urine of Adults Living in the United States: Reference Range Concentrations.’ CDC, Environmental Research, November 1995, Vol. 71, Issue 2, pp. 99–10.
87. Pezzoli, G., Cereda, E., ‘Exposure to pesticides or solvents and risk of Parkinson disease.’ Neurology 2013, 80:2035–2041.
88. DeKosky, S., et al., ‘Environmental exposures and the risk for Alzheimer disease: Can we identify the smoking guns?’ JAMA Neurology, 2014; DOI:10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.6031.
89. Lu, C., K. Toepel, R. Irish, R.A. Fenske, D.B. Barr and R. Bravo, ‘Organic diets significantly lower children’s dietary exposure to organophosphorus pesticides.’ Environmental Health Perspectives, 2006, 114 (2):260–3
90. The results of the annual New Zealand Food Safety Authority) survey, 28 July 2010.
91. Janice Stanger, PhD, The Perfect Formula Diet: How to Lose Weight and Get Healthy Now with Six Kinds of Whole Foods, Perfect Planet Solutions, 2009.
92. Oyebode, O., et al., ‘Fruit and vegetable consumption and all-cause cancer and CVD mortality: analysis of Health Survey for England data.’ Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 2014, DOI:10.1136/jech-2013–203500.
93. Dr Parashar’s work has been published in prestigious journals such as The New England Journal of Medicine, Archives of Internal Medicine and Circulation and used by CNN, CBS and National Public Radio. She is also a recipient of the American Heart Association Trudy Bush Fellowship Award for Cardiovascular Research in Women’s Health, which recognises outstanding work in the area of women’s health and cardiovascular disease. August 2014.
94. Esselstyn, C.B. and colleagues, ‘A way to reverse CAD?’ Cleveland Clinic. Journal of Family Practice 2014, 63(7):356–364.
95. As posted by the vegetarians of Washington, 10 April 2014.
96. Dr Michael Miedema, ‘Eating fruits, vegetables linked to healthier arteries later in life.’ The American College of Cardiology and ScienceDaily, 28 March 2014.
97. Study by Dr Thomas Seery, a Pediatric Cardiologist, and colleagues, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, on nearly 13,000 children taking annual physical check-ups. Presented to a meeting of the American College of Cardiology, Washington, 2014.
98. Dr Mozaffarian and his co-workers, ‘Circulating and dietary magnesium and risk of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies.’ American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 29 May 2013.
99. Diets to Prevent Coronary Heart Disease 1957–2013. Summary statistics by everydayhealth.com,
    16 June 2014.
100. Saxena, N., Singh, S.P. and Raizada, A., ‘A comparative study on parameters of lipid metabolism and fasting blood sugar in normal vegetarians and non-vegetarians.’ Journal Of Advance Researches In Biological Sciences, 2012, 4(4):306–311.
101. Jenkins, D.J., Kendall, C.W. and Marchie, A., et al., ‘Effects of a dietary portfolio of cholesterol-lowering foods vs lovastatin on serum lipids and C-reactive protein.’ Journal of the American Medical Association, 2003, 290(4):502–510.
102. Jenkins, D.J., Jones, P.J. and Lamarche, B., et al., ‘Effect of a dietary portfolio of cholesterol-lowering foods given at 2 levels of intensity of dietary advice on serum lipids in hyperlipidemia: a randomized controlled trial.’ Journal of the American Medical Association, 2011, 306(8):831–839.
103. Jenkins, D.J., Wong, J.M. and Kendall, C.W., et al., ‘The effect of a plant-based low-carbohydrate (“Eco-Atkins”) diet on body weight and blood lipid concentrations in hyperlipidemic subjects.’ Archives of Internal Medicine, 2009, 169(11):1046–1054.
104. Pettersen, B.J., Anousheh, R. and Fan, J., et al., ‘Vegetarian diets and blood pressure among white subjects: results from the Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2).’ Public Health Nutrition, 2012, ;15(10):1909–1916.
105. Tonstad, S., Butler, T., Yan, R. and Fraser, G.E., ‘Type of vegetarian diet, body weight, and prevalence of type 2 diabetes.’ Diabetes Care, 2009, 32(5):791–796.
106. Tantamango-Bartley, Y., Jaceldo-Siegl, K., Fan, J., Fraser, G., ‘Vegetarian diets and the incidence of cancer in a low-risk population.’ Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Previews, 2013, 22:286–94.
107. Moukayed, M., Grant, W.B., ‘Molecular link between vitamin D and cancer prevention.’ Nutrients, 2013, 5(10):3993–4023.
108. Key, T.J., Appleby, P.N., Crowe, F.L., Bradbury, K.E., Schmidt, J.A., Travis, R.C., ‘Cancer in British vegetarians: updated analyses of 4998 incident cancers in a cohort of 32,491 meat eaters, 8612 fish eaters, 18,298 vegetarians and 2246 vegans.’ American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 4 June 2014.
109. Study by researchers at the National Institute for Health Research, Bristol Nutrition Biomedical Research Unit in Nutrition, Diet and Lifestyle at University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol (NIHR Bristol Nutrition BRU), as part of the ProtecT study, on the diets and lifestyle of almost 14,000 men aged 50–69. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, August 2014.
110. A. Heather Eliassen ScD, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, and colleagues, ‘Circulating Carotenoids and Risk of Breast Cancer: Pooled Analysis of Eight Prospective Studies.’ Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 6 December 2012.
111. B. Armstrong and R. Doll, ‘Environmental factors and cancer incidence and mortality in different countries, with special reference to dietary practices.’ International Journal of Cancer, 1975, 15:617–31.
     139. Study by Dr Maryam Farvid and colleagues, Harvard School of Public Health, on 88,803 American female nurses age 26–45. British Medical Journal, 2014.
112. Cho, E., Chen, W.Y., Hunter, D.J., Stampfer, M.J., Colditz, G.A., Hankinson, S.E., et al., ‘Red meat intake and risk of breast cancer among premenopausal women.’ Archives of Internal Medicine, 2006, 166:2253–9.
113. World Cancer Research Fund International, ‘Continuous Update Project Report: Diet, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Breast Cancer Survivors 2014.’ Study based on the findings of the CUP Breast Cancer Survivors Systematic Literature Review (SLR) and the CUP Expert Panel discussion in June 2013; total number of women in the 85 studies reviewed was 164,416; WHO. Breast Cancer: prevention and control, 2014.
114. Jenkins, D.J., Wong, J.M. and Kendall, C.W., et al., ‘The effect of a plant-based low-carbohydrate (‘Eco-Atkins’) diet on body weight and blood lipid concentrations in hyperlipidemic subjects.’ Archives of Internal Medicine, 2009, 169(11):1046–1054.
115. Pettersen, B.J., Anousheh, R., Fan, J., Jaceldo-Siegl, K., Fraser, G.E., ‘Vegetarian diets and blood pressure among white subjects: results from the Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2).’ Public Health Nutrition, 15 October 2012.
116. Berkow, S.E., Barnard, N.B., ‘Vegetarian diets and weight status.’ Nutrition Review, 2006, 64:175–188. Also see, Farmer, B., Larson, B.T., Fulgoni, V.L., Rainville, A.J., Liepa, G.U., ‘A vegetarian dietary pattern as a nutrient-dense approach to weight management: an analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2004.’ Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 2011, 111:819–827.
117. Gabrielle M. Turner-McGrievy, PhD, RD, Charis R. Davidson, MPH, Ellen E. Wingard, MPH, RD, Sara Wilcox, PhD and Edward A. Frongillo, PhD, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, ‘Comparative effectiveness of plant-based diets for weight loss: A randomized controlled trial of five different diets.’ The International Journal of Applied and Basic Nutritional Sciences, 2014.
118. The Hawaii Herald, http://thehawaiiherald.com/2014/08/okinawan-secrets-to-longevity/
119. The Gerontological Society Report, 2006, reported by China Daily, 6 September 2013.
120. Study by Bes-Rastrollo, M., ‘Costs of Mediterranean and Western dietary patterns and their relationship with prospective weight change.’ EuroPRevent European Society of Cardiology, 2013, Abstract 610, reported by MedPage Today, 23 April 2013.
121. The well-established, long-running and ongoing Adventist Health Studies, carried out by Loma Linda University, California, on 96,000 Adventists aged 30–112, from all across the USA and Canada, from 1974 to the present day.
122. Study by Gonzales, J.F., et al., ‘Applying the precautionary principle to nutrition and cancer.’ Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2014, DOI:10.1080/07315724.2013.866527. Data was analysed from the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research report, Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective.
123. Professor Sabine Rohrmann, Professor of Epidemiology, University of Zurich, and a multinational group of scientists, ‘Meat consumption and mortality — results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition.’ Study on 448,568 people aged 35–69, in ten European countries, for nearly 13 years. BioMedical Central Medicine, 6 March 2013.
124. MedPage Today, 5 September 2014.
125. Study by Dr Ulf Riserus, The Unit for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala Science Park, Sweden. Journal of the American Heart Association, 2014, 154.
126. Maryam S. Farvid, An Pan, Qi Sun, Stephanie E. Chiuve, Lyn M. Steffen, Walter C. Willett and Frank B. Hu, ‘Dietary Linoleic Acid and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies.’ Circulation, 28 October 2014.
127. Reported by FNB News, 17 November 2012.
128. Rock, C.L., et al., ‘Nutrition and physical activity guidelines for cancer survivors.’ CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 2012; DOI:10.3322/caac.21142.
129. World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research 2007–2011 expert report, Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective. This report is the most comprehensive ever published on the link between cancer and lifestyle.
130. Siera, S., et al., ‘Consuming a high-fat diet is associated with increased risk of certain types of breast cancer.’ Part of the European Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition research, Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 9 April 2014. Also see, Dr S. Sieri et al., Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori in Milan, ‘Dietary fat intake and development of specific breast cancer subtypes.’ Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 2014, DOI:10.1093/jnci/dju068.
131. Ornish, D., Brown, S.E., Scherwitz, L.W., et al., ‘Can lifestyle changes reverse coronary heart disease?’ Lancet, 1990, 336:129–133. Also, study by Morrison, L.M., ‘Diet in coronary atherosclerosis.’ JAMA, 1960, 173:884–888. Also see, Lyon, T.P., Yankley, A., Gofman, J.W., et al., ‘Lipoproteins and diet in coronary heart disease.’ California Medicine, 1956, 84:325–328. Also, Morrison, L.M., ‘Arteriosclerosis.’ JAMA, 1951, 145:1232–1236.
132. Rattue, Petra, ‘Red Meat Increases Risk Of Cancer, Heart Disease And Death.’ Medical News Today, MediLexicon Intl, 13 March 2012.
133. Pan, An, et al., ‘Red Meat Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: 3 Cohorts of U.S. Adults and an Updated Meta-Analysis.’ American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 10 August 2011. Also see, study by Pan, A, et al., ‘Changes in red meat consumption and subsequent risk of type II diabetes mellitus three cohorts of US men and women.’ JAMA Internal Medicine, DOI:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.6633. Also, study by Evans, W.J., ‘Oxygen-carrying proteins in meat and risk of diabetes mellitus.’ JAMA, DOI:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.7399.
134. Study by Norat, T., Riboli, E., ‘Meat consumption and colorectal cancer: a review of epidemiologic evidence.’ Nutrition Reviews, 2001, 59(2):37–47.
135. Skog, K.I., Johansson, M.A.E., Jagerstad, M.I., ‘Carcinogenic heterocyclic amines in model systems and cooked foods: a review on formation, occurrence, and intake.’ Food and Chemical Toxicology, 1998, 36:879–896. Also, Meat Science, June 2011, 88(2):227–33.
136. Study by Professor Xifeng Wu and scientists at the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, based on 12-year research findings on over 1700 people. Presented at the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research, Washington, DC, 2010.
137. Snyderwine, E.G., ‘Some perspectives on the nutritional aspects of breast cancer research: Food-derived heterocyclic amines as etiologic agents in human mammary cancer.’ Cancer, 1994, 74(3 suppl.):1070–1077.
138. Study conducted by researchers from the Mount Sinai School of Medicine. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2010.
139. M. Wormuth, M. Scheringer, M. Vollenweider and K. Hungerbuhler, ‘What are the sources of exposure to eight frequently used phthalic esters in Europeans?’ Risk Analysis, 2006, 26(3):803–824. Also see, Swan, S.H., ‘Environmental phthalate exposure in relation to reproductive outcomes and other health endpoints in humans.’ Environmental Research, 2008, 108(2):177–184.
140. Dr Lijinsky, biochemist, and Dr W.J. Visek, New York State College of Agriculture and Life Science of Cornell University.
141. Sinha, R., Rothman, N., Brown, E.D., et al., ‘High concentrations of the carcinogen 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo-[4,5] pyridine [PhlP] occur in chicken but are dependent on the cooking method.’ Cancer Research, 1995, 55:4516–4519.
142. Researchers from Maastricht University and the Dutch Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, J.G. Hogervorst, L.J. Schouten, E.J. Konings, R.A. Goldbohm, P.A. van den Brandt, ‘Dietary acrylamide intake and the risk of renal cell, bladder, and prostate cancer.’ American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, May 2008, Vol. 87, No. 5, pp. 1428–1438.
143. uk.reuters.com; www.msnbc.com; www.lancasterfarming.com
144. Stewart, Keith, ‘Where are the honest grocers?’ USA, 6 August 2010.
145. Herald on Sunday exposé report by the New Zealand Food Safety Authority conducting and testing of ten packets of randomly selected fresh chicken from five Auckland stores, with seven testing positive for campylobacter. Herald on Sunday, 30 January 2011.
146. Study on US federal data on foodborne illnesses, carried out by Glenn Morris and fellow researchers at the Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida. The Washington Post, 29 April 2011.
147. Chemist Michael Erikson, M.S. Sullivan and toxicologist Chad Sandusky, PhD, ‘Detection of Ph1P in Grilled Chicken Entrées at Popular Chain Restaurants Throughout California.’ Nutrition and Cancer, 18 September 2008.
148. Study announced by the Food and Drug Administration, 8 June 2011. Reported by USA Today and The Associated Press, 9 June 2011.
149. The Australian Chicken Meat Federation, 2011 Industry Report. Sydney Morning Herald, 20 November 2011.
150. Robert Koeth, et al., Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, ‘Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis’, and Dr Stanley Hazen, PhD, Chairman of the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Vice Chair of Translational Research, Lerner Research Institute, Section Head of Preventive Cardiology and Rehabilitation, Miller Family Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic. Nature Medicine, April, DOI:10.1038/nm.3145. Also see, study by F.H. Karlsson, et al., ‘Symptomatic atherosclerosis is associated with an altered gut metagenome.’ Nature Communications, 4 December 2012. Also,
     T. Hesman Saey, ‘Gut bacteria come in three flavors.’ Science News, 21 May 2011, Vol. 179, p. 14.
151. W.H. Wilson Tang, MD, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Miller Family Heart and Vascular Institute and Lerner Research Institute, and Stanley Hazen, MD, PhD, Chair of the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute and Section Head of Preventive Cardiology & Rehabilitation, Miller Family Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, ‘Prognostic value of elevated levels of intestinal microbe-generated metabolite trimethylamine-n-oxide in patients with heart failure: Refining the gut hypothesis.’ Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2014, 64:908–914.
152. Study by researchers over seven years looking at 900 participants. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 2014.
153. Lösch, S., Moghaddam, N., Grossschmidt, K., Risser, D.U. and Kanz, F., ‘Stable Isotope and trace element studies on gladiators and contemporary Romans from Ephesus (Turkey, 2nd and 3rd ct. AD) — Implications for differences in diet.’ PLoS ONE, 15 October 2014. Also, Carter, M.J., ‘Archiereis and Asiarchs: A Gladiatorial Perspective.’ Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies, 2004, 44:41–68. Also, Carter, M.J., ‘Gladiators and Monomachoi: Greek Attitudes to a Roman “Cultural Performance”.’ International Journal of the History of Sport, 2009, 26:298–322.
154. http://feedstuffs.com/story-processed-meat-products-play-healthy-role-balanced-diet-45-114907
155. Sayers, K. and Lovejoy, C.O. ‘Blood, bulbs, and bunodonts: on evolutionary ecology and the diets of Ardipithecus, Australopithecus, and early Homo.’ Quarterly Review of Biology, December 2014, 89(4):319–57.

GOLDEN Rule 8: Need to Exercise Every Day (NEED)

1. Toni, N., et al., Nature Neuroscience, June 2007, 10(6):727–34. Also see, Pereira, A., et al., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2007, 104:5638–5643.
2. Study by Dr Phyllis Zee, Northwestern University, Chicago, funded by the National Institute on Aging, 2010.
3. Study by Van Proeyen, K., Szlufcik, K., Nielens, H., Pelgrim, K., Deldicque, L., Hesselink, M., van Veldhoven, P.P., Hespe, P., from the Research Centre for Exercise and Health, Department of Biom
   edical Kinesiology, University of Leuven, Belgium. The Journal of Physiology, 2010.
4. Study by Dr Riadh Sadik, University of Gothenburg, Sweden. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 2011.
5. Sydney Morning Herald, 29 August 2011.
6. Meta-analysis of 18 previous studies. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, November 2010.
7. Study by Britta Larsen, a postdoctoral researcher in the Department of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, University of California, San Diego. Presented to the annual meeting of the American Heart Association, Los Angeles.
8. Study by Dr Hidde van Der Ploeg, and colleagues from Sydney University. Archives of Internal Medicine, 2012.
9. Study by a team of researchers from Leicester University on 505 adults aged 59+. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2012.
10. Study collaboration between the Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and University of Western Australia. American Journal of Epidemiology, 2011.
11. Dr Joshua Bell and researchers from University College London, study on 4000 civil servants over five-and ten-year periods. Diabetologia, 2014. Also see, Sardo Molmenti, C.L., et al., ‘Sedentary behavior is associated with colorectal adenoma recurrence in men.’ AACR Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research AACR-FCPR 2013, Abstract A48.
12. Study by Dr Peter T. Katzmarzyk, Pennington Biomedical Research Center researcher. British Medical Journal Open, 2012.
13. Henson, J., et al., ‘Associations of objectively measured sedentary behavior and physical activity with markers of cardiometabolic health.’ Diabetologia, 2013, DOI:10.1007/s00125-013-2845-9.
14. Lopes, L., et al., ‘Associations between sedentary behavior and motor coordination in children.’ American Journal of Human Biology, 2012, DOI:10.1002/ajhb.22310.
15. Lee, D.C., ‘Leisure-time running reduces all-cause and cardiovascular mortality risk.’ Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2014, 64:472–481. Also see, Wen, C.P., et al., ‘Minimal amount of exercise to prolong life to walk, to run, or just mix it up.’ Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2014, 64:482–484.
16. Lee, I.M., et al., ‘Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy. The Lancet, 2012.
17. Clarke, P.M., et al., ‘Survival of the fittest: Retrospective cohort study of the longevity of Olympic medallists in the modern era.’ British Medical Journal, 2012, DOI:10.1136/bmj.e8308. Also, Zwiers, R., et al., ‘Mortality in former Olympic athletes: retrospective cohort analysis.’ British Medical Journal, 2012, DOI:10.1136/bmj.e7456. Also see, Bauman, A.E., Blair, S.N., ‘Everyone could enjoy the “survival advantage” of elite athletes.’ British Medical Journal, 2012, DOI:10.1136/bmj.e8338.
18. Study by Eva Martin-Diener and colleagues from Zurich’s Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Zurich. Released to the world media on 9 July 2014.

GOLDEN Rule 9: Awareness Around Alcohol (AAA)

1. The 2010 Global Burden of Disease Study, The Lancet, and the ‘2010 Heart and Stroke Statistics’ report published by the American Heart Association and the WHO. Also see, study meta-analysis by Melanie Nichols and colleagues, of the BHF Health Promotion Research Group, Department of Public Health, Oxford University. British Medical Journal, 2012. Also, study by Jeanine M. Genkinger. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 2009.
2. Study by Dr Jennifer Mitchell, University of California, San Francisco, using positron emission tomography (PET). Science Translational Medicine, 2012.
3. Professor David Nutt, Chairman of the Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs. The Lancet, 2010.
4. Hingson, R., and Rehm, J., ‘Measuring the burden: Alcohol’s evolving impact.’ Alcohol Research: Current Reviews, 2013, 35(2):122–127.
5. The 2010 Global Burden of Disease Study, British Medical Journal, The Lancet, and the 2010 Heart and Stroke Statistics report. Published by the American Heart Association and WHO.
6. Kerr, W.C., Greenfield, T.K., and Tujague, J., ‘Estimates of the mean alcohol concentration of the spirits, wine, and beer sold in the US and per capita consumption: 1950–2002.’ Alcohol: Clinical Experimental Research, 2006, 30(9):1583–1591.
7. The Dominion Post, 19 February 2011. Also see, NZ Herald and Observer, 16 April 2011.
8. Study by the WHO, ‘Global health risks: Mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks.’ 2013.
9. Cherpitel, C.J., ‘Focus on: The burden of alcohol use — trauma and emergency outcomes.’ Alcohol Research: Current Reviews, 2013, 35(2):150–154. Also see, Borges, G., Cherpitel, C.J., Orozco, R., et al., ‘Multicentre study of acute alcohol use and non-fatal injuries: Data from the WHO collaborative study on alcohol and injuries.’ Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2006, 84(6):453–460. Also, Cherpitel, C.J., Ye, Y., and Bond, J., ‘Alcohol and injury: Multi-level analysis from the Emergency Room Collaborative Alcohol Analysis Project (ERCAAP).’ Alcohol and Alcoholism, 2004, 39(6):552–558. PMID: 15351747.
10. Reported by chinadaily.com, 9 July 2012.
11. Chartier, K.G., Vaeth, P.A.C., and Caetano, R., ‘Focus on: Ethnicity and the social and health harms from drinking.’ Alcohol Research: Current Reviews, 2013, 35(2):229–237. Also see, ibid.
12. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 15 August 2013.
13. Sydney Morning Herald and AAP, 14 September 2011.
14. The 2010 Roy Morgan survey report into alcohol consumption, conducted for the Salvation Army.
15. Survey report on 1006 Australians as carried out by the charity FebFast, December 2009. Reported by AAP, 1 February 2010.
16. The Federal Government, ‘Australian Institute of Health and Welfare Health Report on Alcohol.’ Fraser Coast Chronicle, 19 November 2012.
17. Study by Rehm, J., and Shield, K., ‘Alcohol and mortality: Global alcohol-attributable deaths from cancer, liver cirrhosis, and injury in 2010.’ Alcohol Research: Current Reviews, 2013, 35(2):174–183.
18. Study by Flynn, A., and Wells, S., ‘Community indicators: Assessing the impact of alcohol use on communities.’ Alcohol Research: Current Reviews, 2013, 35(2):135–149. Also see, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report, ‘Alcohol-related disease impact’. 2014.
19. Study by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012. Published in a research letter, Archives of Internal Medicine, 2012.
20. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Strategies to Reduce Alcohol–Related Harms and Costs in Canada: A Comparison of Provincial Policies. 6 March 2013.
21. The UK All-Party Parliamentary Group on Alcohol Misuse, 11 August 2014. Also see, No Quick Fix study and the Centre for Social Justice review, 1 September 2013. Also see, study by Professor Martin Plant, conducted by the Core Cities Health Improvement Collaborative, Alcohol & Health Research Unit, University of the West of England, 19 October 2009.
22. Independent Irish News, 30 May 2013; The Irish Examiner 15 May 2014.
23. Study by the Service for Biostatistics and Epidemiology at the Institue Gustave Roussy, near Paris. European Journal of Public Health, 3 March 2013.
24. Dr Geoff Robinson, Capital and Coast District Health Board’s Chief Medical Officer. The Dominion Post, 30 June 2010.
25. The Royal New Zealand College of General Practitioners, 2010 survey. The Press, 1 October 2010.
26. The Press, 15 May 2010.
27. New Zealand Coroner’s Office, 2010.
28. NZ Medical Journal, 2011. Reported by the NZ Herald, 10 June 2011.
29. Researchers at the University of Washington. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, October 2010.
30. Headstrong (The National Centre for Youth Mental Health and the UCD School of Psychology), ‘My World Survey.’ This was the first comprehensive national study of Irish youth mental health by, covering 14,306 people aged 12–25 years. 16 May 2012.
31. Comments and quotes taken from the Alcohol Advisory Council’s 2010 annual conference. NZ Herald, 8 May 2010.
32. The Otago Daily Times, 19 July 2013.
33. Turning Point Alcohol and Drug Centre, ‘The 2014 VicHealth and Foundation for Alcohol Research and Education.’ Reported by news.com.au on 31 july 2014.
34. Australian Government, ‘Alcohol beverage advertising in mainstream Australian media 2005 to 2007: Expenditure and Exposure.’ Report undertaken by the Victorian Department of Human Services for the Monitoring of Alcohol Advertising Committee.
35. Press Association in The Guardian, 5 February 2012.
36. Kathy Chapman and colleagues, survey of 2482 people. International Journal of Drug Policy, October 2014.
37. Gonzales, J.F., et al., ‘Applying the precautionary principle to nutrition and cancer.’ Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2014, DOI:10.1080/07315724.2013.866527. World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research report, ‘Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective.’ Melanie Nichols, British Heart Foundation Health Promotion Research Group, Department of Public Health, Oxford University, and colleagues, study meta-analysis. British Medical Journal, 2012.
38. Research, done for the Acquired Brain Injury Assessment and Consulting group by Roy Morgan in 2007. AAP and Sydney Morning Herald, August 2007.
39. Study by Dr Michele Meltzer, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, and colleagues, Thomas Jefferson Hospital, Philadelphia.
40. Barzel, U.S., ed., Osteoporosis II. New York, NY: Grune & Stratton, 1978.
41. Study by Dr Elaine Chong, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, on almost 7000 people. Presented at an ophthalmology conference in Melbourne, 26 November 2008.
42. Schütze, M., et al., ‘Alcohol attributable burden of incidence of cancer in eight European countries based on results from prospective cohort study.’ British Medical Journal, 7 April 2011, 342:d1584. PMID: 21474525.
43. Study by researcher Dr Iain Lang, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, UK, and a group of US researchers, on 5075 adults. Presented to the Alzheimer’s Association International Conference annual meeting in Vancouver, Canada, 18 July 2012.
44. Press Association in The Guardian, 5 February 2012.
45. Study covered data from 25 studies from around the world. Published by Chinese and American researchers, August 2014.
46. The George Institute, University of Sydney, Australia, June 2009.
47. Press Association in The Guardian, 5 February 2012.
48. Breslow, N.E., Enstrom, J.E., ‘Geographic correlations between cancer mortality rates and alcohol-tobacco consumption in the United States.’ Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1974; 53:631–9.
49. Cancer Research UK. The Times, 11 August 2009.
50. Duell, E.J., et al., ‘Polymorphisms in the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH1) gene cluster, alcohol consumption, and interactions in relation to gastric cancer risk in the EPIC cohort.’ American Association for Cancer Research, 2011, Abstract 3748.
51. Jeanine M. Genkinger, Assistant Professor of Oncology, study meta-analysis of 14 studies. Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention.
52. Veronica Wendy Setiawan, Kristine R. Monroe, Marc Goodman, Laurence Kolonel, Malcolm C. Pike and Brian E. Henderson, ‘Alcohol consumption and endometrial cancer risk: The multiethnic cohort.’ International Journal of Cancer, 2011.
53. Independent Irish News, 30 May 2013.
54. Dr Eva Negri, an analysis of 16 melanoma studies involving more than 6200 patients. British Journal of Dermatology, 2013.
55. University of Milan, study on over 150,000 people in more than 200 research projects. Annals of Oncology, 2012.
56. Study from ‘87 countries with high quality cancer incidence rate data as well as all 157 countries with cancer incidence rate data for various types of cancer as compared statistically with indices for various risk modifying factors.’ Nutrients, December 2013. Also, WHO International Agency for Research in Cancer, ‘Monograph on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans.’ Also, Bloomfield, K., et al., ‘Gender, Culture and Alcohol Problems: a Multi-national Study.’ Alcohol Supplemental, 2006, 41(1):i26-i36. Also, Schutze, M., Boeing, H., Pischon, T., et al., ‘Alcohol attributable burden of incidence of cancer in eight European countries based on results from prospective cohort study.’ British Medical Journal, 2011, 342:d1584.
57. Study and quotes from Dr Rajiv Chhabra and Dr John Helzberg, as presented at the 2013 American Gastroenterological Association annual meeting. Reported by Health24.com, 25 June 2013.
58. Study by Hookana, E. Analysis of data from autopsies of almost 2700 people in Finland who died of sudden cardiac death. HeartRhythm, 3 October 2011, 8:1570–1575. Reported by HealthDay, 4 October 2011, and by Cardiology Today, 22 December 2011.
59. Study by Inger Ariansen, Oslo University Hospital, over five years duration on 8830 men and women in Britain, Scandinavia and the US. Presented at the 2009 European Society of Cardiology congress, Barcelona.
60. Semba, R.D., et al., ‘Resveratrol levels and all-cause mortality in older community-dwelling adults.’ JAMA Internal Medicine, 2014, DOI:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.1582.
61. Michael V. Holmes, et al., ‘Association between alcohol and cardiovascular disease: Mendelian randomisation analysis based on individual participant.’ British Medical Journal, 11 July 2014.
62. Vatsalya Vatsalya, Reza Momenan, Daniel W. Hommer and Vijay A. Ramchandani, ‘Cardiac Reactivity During the Ascending Phase of Acute Intravenous Alcohol Exposure and Association with Subjective Perceptions of Intoxication in Social Drinkers.’ National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, May 2014, Vol. 38, Issue 5, pp. 1247–1254.
63. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, study from death-certificate and alcohol-consumption data from 11 states: California, Florida, Michigan, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Carolina, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, Virginia and Wisconsin. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report,
    14 March 2014.
64. Study reported by Dr Arefa Cassoobhoy, MD, MPH. WebMD Health News, 29 August 2014.
65. Turning Point Alcohol and Drug Centre, The 2014 VicHealth and Foundation for Alcohol Research and Education Report. Reported by news.com.au, 31 July 2014.
66. Bonnie Spring, Professor of Preventive Medicine, ‘Healthy Lifestyle Change and Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Young Adults.’ Study on over 5000 participants in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) research, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University. Circulation, 30 June 2014.
67. Åkesson, A., et al., ‘Low-risk diet and lifestyle habits in the primary prevention of myocardial infarction in Men.’ Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2014, DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.06.1190. Also see, Mozaffarian, D., ‘The promise of lifestyle for cardiovascular health.’ Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2014, DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.06.1191. Also, Yan, Liang, MD, et al., ‘Alcohol consumption and the risk of incident atrial fibrillation among people with cardiovascular disease.’ McMaster University’s Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 2012, DOI:10.1503/cmaj.120412.
68. Study review paper released by The Alcohol Policy Coalition, made up of the Heart Foundation and Australia’s leading health groups, 19 September 2011.
69. Journal of the American Association of Medicine, 2011.
70. Beilin, et al., ‘Alcohol & Hypertension — Kill or Cure?’ Journal of Human Hypertension, 1996, Suppl. 2:S1-5.
71. Leuenberger, et al., ‘High Blood Pressure and Alcohol Consumption.’ Revue Medicale Suisse, 2006, 2(78):2041–1, 2044–6.
72. Study by Gregory Marcus, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, and colleagues, Division of Cardiology, University of California. American Journal of Cardiology, 1 August 2012.
73. Goslawski, M., et al., ‘Binge drinking impairs vascular function in young adults.’ Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2013, DOI:doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.03.049.
74. Study by Elizabeth Mostofsky, Harvard School of Public Health. Stroke: Journal of the American Heart Association, 2010.
75. Study by researchers at the University of Eastern Finland on 2609 men over 20 years. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 8 March 2014.
76. Casolla, B., et al., ‘Heavy alcohol intake and intracerebral hemorrhage. Characteristics and effect on outcome.’ Neurology, 11 September 2012, 79:1109–1115.
77. Study meta-analysis by Susanna C. Larsson, PhD, ‘A-fib risk up with oral, intravenous bisphosphonates.’ The Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 14 July 2014.
78. Study by researchers at Stanford’s School of Medicine. Science Translational Medicine, September 2014.
79. Study by The University of Sheffield. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 2012.
80. Professor Ian Gilmore, one of the UK’s leading authorities on liver disease, and president of the British Society of Gastroenterology. Reported by Alcohol Concern, from a conference in London, November 2013.
81. Dr Paul Trembling and Professor William Rosenberg, UCL Institute of Liver and Digestive Health, ‘Influence of BMI and alcohol on liver-related morbidity and mortality in a cohort of 108,000 women from the general population from UKCTOCS; Abstract 115.’ Presented at the 2013 International Liver Congress, The Netherlands, 25 April 2013.
82. David Jernigan, Director of the Center on Alcohol Marketing and Youth, tracks alcohol advertising.Johns Hopkins University, April 2014.
83. Study data derived from a large occupational cancer study conducted in Montreal involving 3571 male participants is one of the most detailed examinations ever done of the relationship between drinking and cancer. Cancer Detection and Prevention, August 2009.
84. Schütze, M., et al., ‘Alcohol attributable burden of incidence of cancer in eight European countries based on results from prospective cohort study.’ British Medical Journal, 7 April 2011, 342:d1584. PMID: 21474525. Also see, study released by Cancer Research UK, 20 August 2009, showing liver cancer more than tripled from 865 cases in 1975 to more than 3100 in 2006.
85. The World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research Report, ‘Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective.’ Also see, study by Jeanine M. Genkinger. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 2009.
86. Study by Dr Jonathan Potts, Research Fellow, and Dr Sumita Verma, Senior Lecturer and Honorary Consultant, Hepatology, Brighton and Sussex University Hospital; and Brighton and Sussex Medical School. The Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics Journal, online library, July 2013.
87. Study by Professor Julia Verne, publicly released by Public Health England on 20 October 2014. See also, ‘Liver Disease: today’s complacency, tomorrow’s catastrophe.’ Numbers from The All Party Parliamentary Hepatology Group Inquiry into Improving Outcomes in Liver Disease Report, 2014.
88. Study by Dr Jonathan Potts, Research Fellow, and Dr Sumita Verma, Senior Lecturer and Honorary Consultant, Hepatology, Brighton and Sussex University Hospital; and Brighton and Sussex Medical School. The Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics Journal, online library, July 2013.
89. Dr Suthat Liangpunsakul, MD, MPH, Associate Professor of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, July 2014.
90. Reported in gastroendonews.com, July 2014, Vol. 65:7.
91. Health and Social Care Information Centre, 2013 report, released on 31 May 2013.
92. Study, British Journal of Cancer, 2 December 2010.
93. Dunkler, D., et al., and researchers at McMaster University, Ontario, Canada, ONTARGET trial, ‘Diet and kidney disease in high-risk individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus.’, JAMA Internal Medicine, 2013, 173 (18). Also article by Holly Kramer and Alex Chang, ‘Moving dietary management of diabetes forward.’ JAMA Internal Medicine, 2013, 173(18).
94. Dr Paul Trembling and Professor William Rosenberg, ‘Influence of BMI and alcohol on liver-related morbidity and mortality in a cohort of 108,000 women from the general population from UKCTOCS.’ University College London Institute of Liver and Digestive Health, 25 April 2013. Presented at the 2013 International Liver Congress, The Netherlands, Abstract 115.
95. Invisible Patients, a government-funded 2009–10 study into the scale of the alcohol and drug abuse crisis in the British Medical Establishment. Archives of Surgery, 24 February 2012.
96. The Practitioner Health Programme was set up by the Chief Medical Officer for England, Sir Liam Donaldson, in response to concerns that health professionals were avoiding treatment for serious health problems and/or self-medicating, out of fear of being judged and stigmatised. Reported by Jane Dreaper, Health Correspondent, BBC News, 29 January 2010.
97. T.D. Shanafelt, et al., ‘Burnout and satisfaction with work-life balance among US physicians relative to the general US population.’ Archives of Internal Medicine, 2012, 10.1001/archinternmed.2012.3199.
98. Study by Colin M. Shapiro, Department of Psychiatry and Ophthalmology, University of Toronto; and Adrian J. Williams and Peter B. Fenwick, London Sleep Centre. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, April 2013.
99. Study by David Sinyor, Tom Brown, Lorain Rostant and Peter Seraganian, ‘The Role of a Physical Fitness Program in the Treatment of Alcoholism.’ Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research,
    21 June 2010.
100. stuff.co.nz, The Los Angeles Times and Sydney Morning Herald, 12 August 2014.
101. Campaign group Drinkaware. As reported by the Mailonline, 9 January 2012.
102. Hanna Watling, Researcher, Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety — Queensland (CARRS-Q), Queensland University of Technology. June 2014.
103. Australian Government, ‘Trends in Child Deaths in NSW 1996–2005.’ A long-term study compiled by the New South Wales Child Death Review Team, 30 July 2008.
104. Numbers from official data for England and Wales from a Freedom of Information request to the Office for National Statistic, 25 January 2013.
105. Research by Dr Shelly Greenfield, Professor of Psychiatry, Harvard, and Director of Clinical and Health Services Research and Education, McLean Psychiatric Hospital, Harvard. New York Times and Sydney Morning Herald, 14 April 2011.
106. Kanny, D., et al., ‘Vital Signs: Binge drinking among women and high school girls — United States, 2011.’ Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report, 2013, 62.
107. Senior scientists, Oxford University (UK), The Million Women Study. The study covers 1.3 million women, most in their 50s, from 1996 to 2001. 9 April 2009.
108. Kevin Shield, lead author of a Centre for Addiction and Mental Health study. Addiction, March 2013.
109. Australian Federal Government Report, 2009 research by Professor Ross Fitzgerald. Sydney Morning Herald and AAP, 3 September 2009.
110. Addiction, reported in the Sydney Morning Herald, 17 March 2011. Also see, the 2011 United Nations Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Report. Released in Wellington, 24 July 2011.
111. Dr Paul Trembling and Professor William Rosenberg, ‘Influence of BMI and alcohol on liver-related morbidity and mortality in a cohort of 108,000 women from the general population from UKCTOCS.’ University College London Institute of Liver and Digestive Health, 25 April 2013. Presented at the 2013 International Liver Congress, The Netherlands, Abstract 115.
112. Colditz, G.A., et al., ‘Alcohol intake between menarche and first pregnancy: a prospective study of breast cancer risk.’ Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 2013, DOI:10.1093/jnci/djt213. Also see, study by Liu, Y., ‘Alcohol consumption before first pregnancy increased breast neoplasia risk.’ Study on 91,005 parous women from the Nurses’ Health Study II. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, October 2013, DOI:10.1093/jnci/djt213.
113. Study by Timothy Naimi, MD, MPH, Dr David Nelson, and colleagues, on alcohol consumption and cancer mortality from the 2009 Alcohol Epidemiologic Data System, the 2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and the 2009–2010 National Alcohol Survey. American Journal of Public Health, April 2013.
114. Study by The Cancer Council. Medical Journal of Australia, 1 May 2011.
115. Study by Helmut K. Seitz, PhD, from the Centre of Alcohol Research at the University of Heidelberg in Germany. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 28 March 2012. Also see, study by Dr Wendy Y. Chen, MD, 28 years’ worth of data from the large Nurses’ Health Study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 2011, 306:1884–1890.
116. Study meta-analysis of six worldwide research papers by Harvard scientists on more than 320,000 women. Journal of the American Medical Association, 1998. Also see, study by Shield, K., Parry, C., and Rehm, J., ‘Chronic diseases and conditions related to alcohol use.’ Alcohol Research: Current Reviews, 2013, 35(2):155–173.
117. Naomi Allen, PhD, The Million Women Study. Study on 1,280,296 middle-aged women in the UK. The Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, UK. Journal of the National Cancer Institute,
     24 February 2009.
118. Study by Ulrich, John, Director of the Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, and colleagues, University Medicine Greifswald. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 16 October 2012.
119. Malik, P., et al., ‘Markers of bone resorption and formation during abstinence in male alcoholic patients.’ Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 2012, DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01834.x.
120. Study on 1200 men, aged 18–28, after medical examinations from 2008 and 2012. BMJ Open, October 2014.
121. The Australian National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre study on nearly 2000 families for over four years. The Daily Mail and AAP, Australia, 8 September 2014.
122. JAMA 306:1884, 2011; Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 2001, 93:710; Pediatrics 125: e1081, 2010.
123. Adela Rendón, Clinical Biochemistry lecturer, National Polytechnic Institute in Mexico, 2014. Study by Rendón-Ramírez, A., Cortés-Couto, M., Martínez-Rizo, A.B., Muñiz-Hernández,
     S., Velázquez-Fernández, J.B. Alcohol, 2013, 27a. DOI:p. ii:934 13 00114 –6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24080163. See also, Rendón Ramírez, A., Gelover Reyes, E., Couto, M., Königsberg,
     M., Castro, P., Bioquimia, ISSN 0185–5751.
124. Patrick, M.E., and Schulenberg, J.E., ‘Prevalence and predictors of adolescent alcohol use and binge drinking in the United States.’ Alcohol Research: Current Reviews, 2013, 35(2):193–200.
125. Naimi, T.S., Nelson, D.E., and Brewer, R.D., ‘The intensity of binge alcohol consumption among US adults.’ American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2010, 38(2):201–207.
126. Pamela Hyde, Administrator of the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, US, September 2012.
127. Study by Le-Ha, C, et al., ‘Oral contraceptive use in girls and alcohol consumption in boys are associated with increased blood pressure in late adolescence.’ European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 2012, DOI:10.1177/2047487312452966.
128. Kerr, W.C., Greenfield, T.K., Bond, J., et al., ‘Age-period-cohort modeling of alcohol volume and heavy drinking days in the US National Alcohol Surveys: Divergence in younger and older adult trends.’ Addiction, 2009, 104(1):27–37. Also see, Hingson, R., Zha, W., and Weitzman, E.R., ‘Magnitude of and trends in alcohol-related mortality and morbidity among US college students ages 18–24, 1998–2005.’ Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 2009, Supplement 16:12–20, 2009. Also, Blanco,
     C., Okuda, M., Wright, C., et al., ‘Mental health of college students and their non-college-attending peers: Results from the National Epidemiologic Study on Alcohol and Related Conditions.’ Archives of General Psychiatry, 2008, 65(12):1429–1437. Also, White, A.M., Hingson, R.W., Pan, I.J., and Yi, H.Y., ‘Hospitalizations for alcohol and drug overdoses in young adults ages 18–24 in the United States, 1999–2008: Results from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample.’ Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 2011, 72(5):774–786. Also, Chartier, K.G., Vaeth, P.A.C., and Caetano, R., ‘Focus on: Ethnicity and the social and health harms from drinking.’ Alcohol Research: Current Reviews, 2013, 35(2):229–237.
129. Colditz, G.A., et al., ‘Alcohol intake between menarche and first pregnancy: a prospective study of breast cancer risk.’ Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 2013, DOI:10.1093/jnci/djt213. Also see, study by researchers from Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School on almost 7000 girls ages 9–27. Cancer, 13 November 2011. Also, study by Liu, Y. on 91,005 parous women from the Nurses’ Health Study II, ‘Alcohol consumption before first pregnancy increased breast neoplasia risk.’ Journal of the National Cancer Institute, October 2013, DOI:10.1093/jnci/djt213.
130. University of Texas, Austin and Michigan State University, study by researchers on the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) data on 8271 adolescents from 126 schools. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, June 2012.
131. Study by Dana Alonzo, PhD, of Columbia University, using data from 43,093 people 18 years old or older in the 2001–2002 Department of Health and Human Services Survey. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 2014.
132. ‘My World Survey’, the first comprehensive national study of Irish youth mental health by Headstrong (The National Centre for Youth Mental Health and the UCD School of Psychology), covering 14,306 people aged 12–25 years, as released on 16 May 2012.
133. Professor Ian Gilmore, one of the UK’s leading authorities on liver disease, and president of the British Society of Gastroenterology, November 2013. Quotes from a conference in London hosted by Alcohol Concern, November 2013.
134. The YouthSight study was done on 1000 young people aged 16–24 in March 2012 for Alcohol Concern. Released during Alcohol Awareness Week, November 2012.
135. The Seattle Times, 1 November 2012.
136. Study covered 1500 young people for more than ten years by the team at the Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne. Fairfax Media, 13 April 2009.
137. Christine Jackson, PhD, Susan T. Ennett, PhD, Denise M. Dickinson, MPH, J. Michael Bowling, PhD, ‘Letting Children Sip. Understanding Why Parents Allow Alcohol Use by Elementary School-aged Children.’ A study on data collected from 1050 mothers and their third-grade children. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 2012; 166(11):1053–1057, DOI:10.1001/archpediatrics.2012.1198.
138. Joel Swendsen, Director of Research at the National Center of Scientific Research in Bordeaux, France, study by on a massive survey of 10,123 US teenagers. Archives of General Psychiatry, April 2012.
139. The Daily Mail, 2 April 2013.
140. Study carried out by researchers at University College Dublin. Psychiatry Professional, reported by The Independent, 4 April 2013.
141. B. Rowland, J.W. Toumbourou, L. Satyen, M. Livingston and J. Williams, ‘The relationship between the density of alcohol outlets and parental supply of alcohol to adolescents.’ Deakin’s School of Psychology, Deakin University, Australia. Addictive Behaviors, 2014.
142. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 7 April 2014.
143. A major review of research at the University of California, San Diego, April 2009.
144. Dr John Fagan, Senior Registrar in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Children’s University Hospital, Temple Street, Dublin, April 2014.
145. J. Fagan, S. Lyons, and Bobby P. Smyth, ‘Content Analysis of Newspaper Reports on Alcohol-Related Death.’ Alcohol and Alcoholism, online, 15 April 2014, DOI:10.1093/alcalc/agu015.
146. Nakamura R., Pechey R., Suchrcke, M., et al., ‘Sales impact of displaying alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages in end-of-aisle locations: An observational study.’ Social Science & Medicine, 22 February 2014. Reported by the National Health Service and The Daily Mail, 16 March 2014.
147. Amy Baldwin, Marketing Director, Gulf Distributing Holding LLC, Alabama. Gulf Distributing is a company that distributes alcohol.
148. Steve Bailey, Vice President of Chain Accounts for Columbia Distributing, which supplies beer to about 90 Wal-Mart stores in Washington and Oregon. Reported by delawareonline.com, and Bloomberg News, 10 August 2013.
149. Professor David Nutt, Edmond J. Safra Professor of Neuropsychopharmacology, Director of the Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, The Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics, at Imperial College London. September 2012.
150. The 2010 Global Burden of Disease Study, British Medical Journal, The Lancet, and the 2010 Heart and Stroke Statistics report. Published by the American Heart Association and WHO.
151. care2.com, 31 March 2014.
152. This latest study used data from a 2012 Internet-based survey of underage drinkers ages 13–20, GFK MRI’s Survey of the Adult Consumer for the years 2010–2012, which provides brand-specific consumption data for adults and national data compiled by Impact Databank.
153. Michael Siegel, MD, MPH, Kelsey Chen, BA, William DeJong, PhD, Timothy S. Naimi, MD MPH, Joshua Ostroff ,BA, Craig S. Ross, MBA and David H. Jernigan, PhD, ‘Differences in Alcohol
     Brand Consumption between Underage Youth and Adults — United States, 2012.’ Substance Abuse, 31 January 2014.
154. NZ Herald, 25 August 2011.
155. Sally Casswell, Director of Social and Health Outcomes Research and Evaluation (SHORE) at Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand, April 2014.
156. As reported by the BBC, 6 September 2012.
157. The YouthSight study was done on 1000 young people aged 16–24 in March 2012 for the charity Alcohol Concern, 19 November 2012.
158. As reported by the BBC, March 2014.
159. Australian Government Report, ‘Alcohol beverage advertising in mainstream Australian media 2005 to 2007: Expenditure and Exposure.’ Undertaken by the Victorian Department of Human Services for the Monitoring of Alcohol Advertising Committee. This report is a follow-up to research published by the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing in 2005.
160. The UK All-Party Parliamentary Group on Alcohol Misuse, released 11 August 2014.
161. Harwood, R., ‘Economic costs of excessive alcohol use.’ Alcohol Research: Current Reviews, 2013, 35(2):172–173.
162. Numbers from a 10 January 2014 report, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
163. Bouchery, E., Simon, C., and Harwood, H., ’Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the United States, 2006.’ The Lewin Group, 2010.
164. Study meta-analysis by Melanie Nichols, of the BHF Health Promotion Research Group, Department of Public Health, Oxford University, and colleagues. British Medical Journal, 2012.
165. Study by Massey University on 16,500 people. New Zealand Medical Journal, 2009.
166. As reported by stuff.co.nz on 24 April 2014.

GOLDEN Rule 10: Consider Coffee Carefully (CCC)

1. Steffen, M., et al., ‘The effect of coffee consumption on blood pressure and the development of hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis.’ Journal of Hypertension, 2012, 30:2245. Also see, Giggey, P.P., et al., ‘Greater coffee intake in men is associated with steeper age-related increases in blood pressure.’ American Journal of Hypertension, 2011, 24:310.
2. Mort, J.R., et al., ‘Timing of blood pressure measurement related to caffeine consumption.’ Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 2008, 41:105.
3. Zhang, Z., et al., ‘Habitual coffee consumption and risk of hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies.’ American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2011, 93:1212. Also see, O’Keefe, J., et al., ‘Effects of habitual coffee consumption on cardiometabolic disease, cardiovascular health, and all-cause mortality.’ Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2013, 62:1043.
4. Jennifer Temple, PhD, and colleagues, ‘Cardiovascular responses to caffeine by gender and pubertal stage.’ University at Buffalo. Pediatrics, 2014, DOI:10.1542/peds.2013–3962. Also, Du, H., et al., ‘Fresh fruit consumption, blood pressure and cardiovascular disease risk: a prospective cohort study of 0.5 million adults in the China Kadoorie Biobank.’ Presented to the European Society of Cardiology, 2014.
5. Mos, L, et al., ‘Coffee consumption and risk of prediabetes in hypertension: results of the HARVEST study.’ European Society of Cardiology, 2014. Also, Schwandt, P., et al., ‘Body fat distribution and elevated blood pressure in 22051 youths: The PEP family heart study.’ Presented to the European Society of Cardiology, 2014.
6. Drici, M.D., et al., ‘Cardiac safety of so called “energy drinks”.’ Presented to the European Society of Cardiology, 2014.
7. Professor Kevin Croft, and colleagues, from the University of Western Australia and the Western Australian Institute for Medical Research. Research reported by The Press Trust, India, 26 May 2013.
8. Study by Eun Sun Jang, Sook-Hyang Jeong, Sung Ho Hwang, Hyun Young Kim, So Yeon Ahn, Jaebong Lee, Sang Hyub Lee, Young Soo Park, Jin Hyeok Hwang, Jin-Wook Kim, Nayoung Kim and Dong Ho Lee. Biomedical Central Gastroenterology, 2012, 12:145, DOI:10.1186/1471-230X-12-145, 18 October 2012.
9. Fairfax NZ News, 7 September 2013.
10. Study by Morck, T.A., Lynch, S.R., and Cook, J.D., ‘Inhibition of food iron absorption by coffee.’ American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1983, 37:416–420.
11. Study by Solomons, N.W., and Cousins, R.J., ‘Inhibitors of zinc absorption (coffee) in N.W. Solomons and I.H. Rosenberg (eds), Absorption and Malabsorption of Mineral Nutrients, p. 161. Alan R. Liss, New York, 1984.
12. Study by researchers from UNC Chapel Hill, the Harvard School of Public Health and five other institutions. PLoS Genetics, 2011.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. Study by Naren Gunja, a Medical Director and toxicologist at the New South Wales Poisons Information Centre, and Jared Brown, a senior poisons specialist, The Medical Journal of Australia, 2012.
16. New figures on 50,000 people to 113 different food types as released in April 2008 by the UK food intolerance tester YorkTest.
17. Study by Cabrera-Chavez, F., et al., ‘Maize Prolamins Resistant to Peptic-tryptic Digestion Maintain Immune-recognition by IgA from Some Celiac Disease Patients’ Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 2012, 67(1): pp. 24–30. Also see, study by Vojdani, A., ‘Cross-Reaction between Gliadin and Different Food and Tissue Antigens.’ 2013, 4(1):20–32.
18. Nicolas Danchin, MD, of the University of Paris Rene Descartes. Study of 131,401 adults, as presented to the European Society of Cardiology, September 2014.
19. Study by M.P. Nantz, C.A. Rowe, J.F. Bukowski and S.S. Percival, researchers from the University of Florida, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, and the Nutritional Science Research Institute, Boston, ‘Standardized capsule of Camellia sinensis lowers cardiovascular risk factors in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.’ Nutrition, October 2008.
20. Study by Gang Liu, Xue-Nan Mi, Xin-Xin Zheng, Yan-Lu Xu, Jie Lu and Xiao-Hong Huang, ‘Effects of tea intake on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.’ British Journal of Nutrition, October 2014, Vol. 112, Issue 07, pp. 1043–1054.
21. Study conducted by researchers from the Athens Medical School in Greece. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention, November 2008.
22. Study by N. Alexopoulos, C. Vlachopoulos, K. Aznaouridis, K. Baou, C. Vasiliadou, P. Pietri,
    P. Xaplanteris, E. Stefanadi and C. Stefanadis, ‘The acute effect of green tea consumption on endothelial function in healthy individuals.’ European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation, 2008, Vol. 15, pp. 300–305.
23. Study on 69,000 Chinese women, followed for ten years, by lead author Sarah Nechuta, Ph.D., MPH, Assistant Professor of Medicine, and Senior Researcher Dr Wei Zheng, Head of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1 November 2012.
24. Study by M.J. Shrubsole, W. Lu, Z. Chen, X.O. Shu, Y. Zheng, Q. Dai, Q. Cai, K. Gu, Z.X. Ruan,
    Y.-T. Gao and W. Zheng, ‘Drinking Green Tea Modestly Reduces Breast Cancer Risk.’ Journal of Nutrition, February 2009, Vol. 139, No. 2, pp. 310–316.
25. Study by Katherine D. Crew, Assistant Professor of Medicine and Epidemiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York. Presented on 18 October 2012 to the 11th Annual International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research in Anaheim, California, hosted by the American Association for Cancer Research. See also, study by Susanne Henning, Adjunct Professor, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles Presented 18 October 2012 to the 11th Annual International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research in Anaheim, California.
26. Study ten-year findings from the huge Ohsaki National Health Insurance Cohort Study in Japan on 41,761 Japanese adults age 40–79, Cancer Causes and Control, September 2009.
27. Study by Dr Toru Naganuma, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Senda, and research colleagues in the Division of Epidemiology, Tohoku University’s Department of Public Health and Forensic Medicine, American Journal of Epidemiology, September 2009.
28. R. Ide, Y. Fujino, Y. Hoshiyama, T. Mizoue, T. Kubo, T.-M. Pham, K. Shirane, N. Tokui, K. Sakata, A. Tamakoshi and T. Yoshimura, ‘Prospective Study of Green Tea Consumption and Oral Cancer Incidence in Japan.’ Carcinogenesis, 2007. Also see, study by A.Y. Issa, S.R. Volate, S.J. Muga, D.Nitcheva, T. Smith and M.J. Wargovich, ‘Green tea selectively targets initial stages of intestinal carcinogenesis in the AOM-ApcMin mouse model.’ Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, DOI:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0830. Also see, study by H.H. Sherry Chow, Iman Hakim, Donna R. Vining, James Crowell, Margaret E. Tome, James Ranger-Moore, Catherine A. Cordova, Dalia M. Mikhael, Margaret M. Briehl and David S. Alberts, ‘Modulation of Human Glutathione S-Transferases by Polyphenon E Intervention.’ Annals of Epidemiology.
29. Study by Dr Kaijun Niu, and colleagues, Tohoku University Graduate School, investigated 1058 elderly men and women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, December 2009.
30. Study by I.C. Burckhardt, D. Gozal, E. Dayyat, Y. Cheng, R.C. Li, A.D. Goldbart and B.W. Row, ‘Green Tea Catechin Polyphenols Attenuate Behavioral and Oxidative Responses to Intermittent Hypoxia.’ American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 2007, Vol. 177, pp. 1135–1141, DOI:10.1164/rccm.200701-110OC.
31. Mitoshi Kushiyama, Y. Shimazaki, M. Murakami and Y. Yamashita, ‘Relationship Between Intake of Green Tea and Periodontal Disease.’ Journal of Periodontology, 2009, Vol. 80, No. 3, Pages 372–377.
32. Study by Yamada, H., Takuma, N., Daimon, T. and Hara, Y., ‘Gargling with tea catechin extracts for the prevention of influenza infection in elderly nursing home residents: a prospective clinical study.’ Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine, September 2006, 12(7):669–72.

GOLDEN Rule 11: Eat Less and Live Long via Regular Intelligent Fasting® (RIF®)

1. Cheng, C.W., et al., ‘Prolonged Fasting reduces IGF-1/PKA to promote hematopoietic stem cell-based regeneration and reverse immunosuppression.’ Cell Stem Cell, June, 2014.
2. Study author Dr Sebastiaan Hammer, of the Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, presented the research in Chicago at the Radiological Society of North America’s annual meeting 2013.
3. Study by Dr Benjamin Horne, PhD, Director of Cardiovascular and Genetic Epidemiology, and colleagues, Intermountain Medical Center Heart Institute, Murray, Utah. Presented at the 2014 American Diabetes Association Scientific Sessions in San Francisco, CA, in June 2014.

GOLDEN Rule 12: Feel the Flow and Let it Go!

1. University of Oxford researchers on the 11-year EPIC-Heart study of 306,331 men and women from eight different European countries. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 23 May 2012.
2. Fox News and stuff.co.nz, 8 May 2010.
3. American Journal of Epidemiology, 1985, 122:13–26, 27–40. Gladys Block, et al., National Cancer Institute, Bethesda.
4. MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing and Division of Population Health, ‘Objectively measured physical capability levels and mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis.’ University College London. British Medical Journal, 9 September 2010, 341:c4467 DOI:10.1136/bmj.c4467. Also, study meta-analysis of 18 previous ‘sitting and cancer’ studies. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, November 2010.
5. Ruben, David, MD, The Save Your Life Diet. Random House, USA, 1976.
6. Burkitt, Denis, ‘Eating right to stay healthy and enjoy life more: How simple diet changes can prevent many common diseases.’ New York: Arco, 1979. Also see, study by Geoffrey Kabat, an epidemiologist at Albert Einstein College of Medicine. British Journal of Cancer, 29 November 2011.
7. Rebecca Siegel, Carol DeSantis and Ahmedin Jemal, ‘The Colorectal Cancer Statistics, 2014 Report.’ American Cancer Society Journal CA: A Journal for Clinicians, 17 March 2014.
8. BBC News, 11 November 2011.
9. Farhath Khanum, M. Siddalinga Swamy, K.R. Sudarshana Krishna, K. Santhanam, and K.R. Viswanathan, ‘Dietary fiber content of commonly fresh and cooked vegetables consumed in India.’ Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 2000, 55:207–218. Also see, ‘Culture of Czech Republic — traditional, history, people, women, beliefs, food, customs, family, social, dress, marriage, men, life, immigrants, population, rituals, history and ethnic relations.’ http://www.everyculture.com/Cr-Ga/Czech-Republic.html#ixzz0qu6rxU8W. Also, Sally F. Schakel, Janet Pettit and John H. Himes, ‘Dietary fiber values for common foods’. Spiller, G.A., The CRC Handbook of Dietary Fiber in Human Nutrition. 2001.
10. Crowe, F.L., et al., ‘Diet and risk of diverticular disease in Oxford cohort of European Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC).’ Study on 47,033 men and women in England and Scotland. British Medical Journal, 19 July 2011.
11. Trock, B., Lanza, E., and Greenwald, P. ,‘Dietary fiber, vegetables, and colon cancer: critical review and meta-analysis of the epidemiologic evidence.’ Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 1990, 82:650–661. Also see, Howe, G.R., Benito, E., Castelleto, R., et al., ‘Dietary intake of fiber and decreased risk of cancers of the colon and rectum: evidence from the combined analysis of 13 case-control studies.’ Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 1992, 84:1887–1896. Also see, Bingham, S.A., Day, N.E., Luben, R., et al., ‘Dietary fibre in food and protection against colorectal cancer in European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC): an observational study.’ Lancet, 2003, 361:1496–1501.
12. Vidal, A.C., et al., ‘Carbohydrate intake, glycemic index, and prostate cancer risk.’ Presented to the American Urological Association, 2014, Abstract PD31-11. Also see, study by Komal Raina, PhD, a research instructor at the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Center, University of Colorado. Cancer Prevention Research, 2013.
13. J. Chan, F. Wang and E. Holly, ‘Whole grains and risk of pancreatic cancer in a large population-based case-control study in the San Francisco bay area, California.’ The American Journal Epidemiology, Vol. 166, No. 10, November 2007.
14. Study by scientists at the Medical College of Georgia. Cancer Research, April 2009.
15. L. Djousse and J.M. Gaziano, ‘Breakfast Cereals and Risk of Heart Failure in the Physicians’ Health Study I.’ Archives of Internal Medicine, Vol. 167, No. 19, pp. 2080–2085.
16. Dena Rifkin, MD, and colleagues,‘Renal artery calcification and mortality among clinically asymptomatic adults.’ University of California, San Diego. Study on 4450 individuals 1999–2003. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2012, DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2012.06015.
17. A three year prospective study of 229 postmenopausal women with cardiovascular disease. American Heart Journal. Also, Martirosyan, D.M., Das, U., Martirosyan, A.M., ‘Functional food products and chronic diseases.’ HerbalGram, 2006, 72:66–69.
18. Anderson, J.W., et al., ‘Hypocholesterolemic effects of high fiber diets rich in water-soluble plant fibers.’ Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 1984, 45:140–149.
19. Study by the National Institutes of Health and the National Cancer Institute. Archives of Internal Medicine, February 2011.
20. Study by Dr Jaimie N. Davis, and colleagues, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2009.
21. Study meta-analysis of seven research projects including more than 150,000 people. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.
22. Reported in research from the Unit for Applied Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Lund University, Sweden, September 2007.
23. Study by Tabak, C., Wijga, A.H., from the Dutch National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Utrecht University, University Medical Center Groningen, from data in the Thorax International Study on Allergy and Asthma in Childhood.
24. Antonis, A., ‘The Influence of Diet on Fecal Lipids in South African White and Bantu Prisoners.’ Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1962, 11:142–155. Also see, study by researchers from the Danish Cancer Society’s Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, in Copenhagen, British Medical Journal, October 2010.
25. Hongyan Ning and Donald M. Lloyd-Jones, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Study review on data from 11,000 participating adults. The Inquisitor and The Daily Times, February/March 2014.
26. Ibid.
27. Study evaluation of 73,047 participants of the Women’s Health Initiative. American Journal of Medicine, 2011.

GOLDEN Rule 14: Stop Eating at 7 p.m.

1. Study by a team of Vanderbilt scientists directed by Carl Johnson, Professor of Biological Sciences and professors of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Owen McGuinness and David Wasserman. Current Biology, 21 February 2013.

GOLDEN Rule 15: Treat Sleep like GOLD

1. Study by Danan Gu, PhD, Faculty of the Nohad A. Toulan School of Urban Studies and Planning, Portland State University, Oregon. Study on an analysis of data from the 2005 wave of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey. Sleep, 1 May 2012.
2. Study covering analysis of 16 varied studies on over 1.3 million people. University of Warwick and the Federico II University Medical School, Naples. Sleep, 2010.
3. Study numbers from the National Center for Health Statistics on 80,000 Americans. Reviewed by the Woolcock Institute of Medical Research in Sydney, May 2008.
4. Researchers from Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School. Study on 5036 girls and women. Journal of Pediatrics.
5. Study by Marie-Pierre St-Onge, Assistant Professor of Clinical Nutrition Medicine, and colleagues, Columbia University. Presented to the American Heart Association conference in Atlanta, 2011.
6. National Center for Health Statistics, US. A study on 87,000 adults. ScienceDaily, 12 March 2009. Also see, study by Dr Plamen Penev from the University of Chicago, presented at SLEEP 2009, the annual meeting of the Associated Professional Sleep Societies, June 2009.
7. Study by Dr Blunden, Adjunct Research Fellow, Centre for Sleep Research, University of South Australia. Child Development.
8. Study by Esther Donga, Director, Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, May 2010.
9. Zuxun Lu, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. Meta-analysis on 12 previous studies covering 226,652 people. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 2014.
10. Study by Dr James Gangwisch, Columbia University Medical Centre. Study of 15,659 college and high-school students. Sleep, January 2010.
11. National Health Insurance Cohort Study (1995–2003), ‘Sleep duration and the risk of breast cancer: the Ohsaki Cohort Study.’ The study involved 23,995 women. British Journal of Cancer, November 2008.
12. Study on 5968 women, presented at the cancer prevention meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research, November 2008.
13. Study of an International Agency for Research on Cancer report, October 2007, as confirmed by cancer researcher Professor Neil Pearce, of Massey University.
14. Study by the University of Chicago, Archives of Internal Medicine, 2009.
15. Study by the University of Chicago Medical Center. Journal of the American Medical Association,
    25 December 2008.
16. Dr Chien-Yi Hsu, Division of Cardiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital. Study on more than 43,000 people age 45+ that were part of the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. Presented 4 November to the American Heart Association, in Los Angeles. Also see, study by Francesco Cappuccio, Professor of Cardiovascular Medicine, Medical School, University of Warwick, UK. A ten-year analysis of over 10,000 government workers. Presented to the annual conference of the British Sleep Society, at Cambridge, September 2007.
17. Faculty of Medicine, West Virginia University, a study conducted on more than 30,000 adults. Sleep,
    5 August 2010. Also see, study on 16 previous studies that included a total of 1.3 million people by
    the University of Warwick and the Federico II University medical school in Naples. Sleep, 2010.
18. Study conducted by researchers from Carnegie Mellon University. Archives of Internal Medicine, February 2009.
19. Study Sheldon Cohen, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh. Archives of Internal Medicine, January 2009.
20. Colin M. Shapiro, Department of Psychiatry and Ophthalmology, University of Toronto; and Adrian J. Williams and Peter B. Fenwick, London Sleep Centre, ‘Alcohol and Sleep I: Effects on Normal Sleep.’ Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, April 2013.

GOLDEN Rule 16: Raw, Soaked, Sprouted and Fermented

1. Pottenger, Francis Jr, ‘Pottenger’s Cats: A Study in Nutrition.’ Price-Pottenger Foundation Incorporated, La Mesa, California, 1995. Also see, Pottenger, Francis Jr, ‘The Effect of Heat-Processed Foods and Metabolized Vitamin D Milk on the Dentofacial Structures of Experimental Animals.’ American Journal of Orthodontics and Oral Surgery, August 1946, St Louis, Missouri, Vol. 32, No. 8, pp. 467–485. Also see, Howell, Edward, Enzyme Nutrition: The Food Enzyme Concept. Avery Publishing Group, Inc., Wayne, New Jersey, 1985; and Howell, Edward, Food Enzymes for Health and Longevity, 2nd edition, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin, 1994; and Loomis, Howard F. Jr, Enzymes: The Key to Health, Vol. 1 — The Fundamentals. Grote Publishing, Madison, Wisconsin, 1999. Lopez, D.A., Williams, R.M., Miehike, M., Enzymes: The Fountain of Life. The Neville Press, Inc., Charleston, South Carolina, 1994.
2. Study by Dr Jorge E. Chavarro, Harvard School of Public Health, and other Boston-based researchers, covering eight years of tracking the diet and lifestyle patterns of 17,544 women. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2007.
3. NZ Herald, 1 May 2010.
4. Study by Dr Clark from Access Australia, Fertility First, Andrology Australia. Sydney Morning Herald, 5 September 2010.
5. Dr Uwe Paasch and colleagues, University of Leipzig, Germany. Study on 2157 men. Fertility and Sterility, July 2010.
6. S.H. Swan, F. Liu, J.W. Overstreet, C. Brazil, and N.E. Skakkebaek, ‘Semen quality of fertile US males in relation to their mothers’ beef consumption during pregnancy.’ University of Rochester Medical Center, New York, US. Human Reproduction, 28 March 2007.
7. Study by scientists at the University of Ottawa in Canada on ‘601 cases of testicular cancer and 744 population-based controls collected in eight of the ten Canadian provinces between 1994 and 1997’. International Journal of Cancer, October 2003.
8. Information Plus. Nutrition: a key to good health. Wylie, Texas, Information Plus, 1999.
9. Study by Helen Vlassara, MD, Professor and Director of the Division of Experimental Diabetes and Aging, and colleagues, researchers at Mount Sinai School of Medicine. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2012.
10. ScienceNOW, 21 February 2013.
11. Study by Harvard University scientists. Nature, 11 December 2013.
12. Study by Dr Mark Primentel, Co-director of the Gastrointestinal Motility Programme, Cedars-Sinai Medical Centre, 2010.
13. Study on early childhood, New Zealand Medical Journal, 2010. Reported in the Sunday Star-Times,
    26 December 2010.
14. Professor Glenn Gibson, co-author, University of Reading. Biosciences Microflora, 2005, Vol. 25,
    pp. 1–8. Also see, research by Professor Glenn Gibson and Professor Marcel Roberfroid, from the Catholic University of Louvain, Journal of Nutrition, 1995, Vol. 125, pp. 1401–1412. Also, presentations to the Harvard Medical School Conference Center and the 5th Orafti Research Conference in Boston.
15. D.M.A. Saulnier, P. Hutt, M. Mikelsaar, D. Bosscher, G. Gibson and S. Kolida, researchers, from the University of Reading, UK, the University of Tartu, Estonia and Orafti, ‘Effects of a synbiotic on biomarkers of oxidative stress and faecal microbiota in healthy adults: results of a cross-over double-blind placebo-controlled trial.’ Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 2007, Vol. 66, p. 101A; and European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, DOI:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602636.
16. Study on children by Waligora-Dupriet, Head Researcher, Université René Descartes, Paris, International Journal of Food Microbiology.
17. S.A. Abrams, I.J. Griffin, K.M. Hawthorne and K.J. Ellis, researchers from Baylor College of Medicine, ‘Effect of Prebiotic Supplementation and Calcium Intake on Body Mass Index.’ Journal of Pediatrics, September 2007, Vol. 151, pp. 293–298.
18. P. Rozan, A. Nejdi, S. Hidalgo, J.F. Bisson, D. Desor and M. Messaoudi, ‘Effects of lifelong intervention with an oligofructose-enriched inulin in rats on general health and lifespan.’ British Journal of Nutrition, 11 April 2008.
19. Ross Welch, US Plant, Soil, and Nutrition Laboratory; Koji Yasuda, Karl R. Roneker, Xingen Lei and Dennis D. Miller, Cornell University scientists, ‘Inulin May Help With Iron Uptake, Too.’ Agricultural Research, January 2008.
20. Study by scientists from University of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Nutrition Research, September 2006, Vol. 26, pp. 413–420.
21. T. Karakan, M. Ergun, I. Dogan, M. Cindoruk and S. Unal, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Turkey, ‘Comparison of early enteral nutrition in severe acute pancreatitis with prebiotic fiber supplementation versus standard enteral solution: a prospective randomized double-blind study.’ World Journal of Gastroenterology, Vol. 13, Issue 19, pp. 2733–2737.
22. Olesen, M. and Gudmand-Hoyer, E., ‘Efficacy, safety and tolerability of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.’ American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2000, 72(6):1570–1575.
23. N. Bekkali, M.E.J. Bongers, M.M. Van den Berg, O. Liem, and M.A. Benninga from the Academic Medical Centre in Amsterdam, ‘The role of a probiotics mixture in the treatment of childhood constipation: a pilot study.’ Nutrition Journal, September 2007, 6:17, DOI:10.1186/1475-2891-6-17. Also see, study by researchers from Imperial College, London. British Medical Journal, DOI:10.1136/bmj.39231.599815.55.
24. Niedzielin, K., Kordecki and H Birkenfeld, B., ‘A study on the efficacy of Lactobacillus plantarum 299V in patients with irritable bowel syndrome.’ European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 2001, 13(10):1143–7.
25. A.J. Cox, D.B. Pyne, P.U. Saunders and P.A. Fricker, Australian Institute of Sport, ‘Oral administration of the probiotic Lactobacillus fermentum VR1-003 and mucosal immunity in endurance athletes.’ British Journal of Sports Medicine, February 2008. Also see, study published in the International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 2007, Vol. 17, pp. 352–363. Also see, double blind and placebo-controlled study on 326 children in China conducted during the winter cold and flu season. Pediatrics, August 2009.
26. Study by Bi Rong Dong, MD, and colleagues of Sichuan University, China, The Cochrane Library, Hao, Q., et al., ‘Probiotics for preventing acute upper respiratory tract infections.’ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2011, 9:CD006895.
27. Study on 942 men and women, aged 40–79 by researchers at Kyushu University in Fukuoka, Japan. Journal of Periodontology, February 2008.
28. Kamal Ivory, S.J. Chambers, C. Pin, E. Prieto, J.L. Arques and C. Nicoletti, The Institute of Food Research, ‘Oral delivery of Lactobacillus casei Shirota modifies allergen-induced immune responses in allergic rhinitis.’ Clinical and Experimental Allergy, 28 May 2008.
29. V. Stadlbauer, R.P. Mookerjee, S. Hodges, G.A.K. Wright, N.A. Davies and R. Jalan, researchers at University College London, ‘Effect of probiotic treatment on deranged neutrophil function and cytokine responses in patients with compensated alcoholic cirrhosis.’ Journal of Hepatology, 25 March 2008, 10.1016/j.jhep.2008.02.015.
30. Gregory J. Leyer, Shuguang Li, Mohamed E. Mubasher, Cheryl Reifer, and Arthur C. Ouwehand, ‘Probiotic Effects on Cold and Influenza-Like Symptom Incidence and Duration in Children.’ Pediatrics, 2009, 124:e172-e179. Also see, Bengmark, S., ‘Gut microbial ecology in critical illness: is there a role for prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics?’ Current Opinion in Critical Care, April 2002, 8(2):145–51. Also see, Rolfe, R.D., double-blind, placebo-controlled study, ‘The role of probiotic cultures in the control of gastrointestinal health.’ Journal of Nutrition, February, 130(2S Suppl):396S-402S.
31. Martin Gotteland, M. Andrews, M. Toledo, L. Munoz, P. Caceres, A. Anziani, E. Wittig, H. Speisky and G. Salazar, ‘Modulation of Helicobacter pylori colonization with cranberry juice and Lactobacillus johnsonii La1 in children.’ Nutrition, May 2008, Vol. 24, Issue 5, pp. 421–426.
32. D.A. Osborn and J.K. Sinn, The Royal North Shore Hospital, Australia, ‘Prebiotics in infants for prevention of allergic disease and food hypersensitivity.’ The study covered over 2000 infants from eight studies. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2007, Issue 4.
33. Study by the Karolinska Institutet as part of the major Europe-wide EU-sponsored SynCan project, as supported by the European Commission and nine different research institutes. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, August 2007.
34. S. Fujimori, K. Gudis, K. Mitsui, T. Seo, M. Yonezawa, S. Tanaka, A. Tatsuguchi and C. Sakamoto, ‘A randomized controlled trial on the efficacy of synbiotic versus probiotic or prebiotic treatment to improve the quality of life in patients with ulcerative colitis.’ Nutrition, February 2009.
35. Study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2010, ‘The effect of ciprofloxacin on the gut microbiota was profound and rapid’ wrote Les Dethlefsen and David Relman of Stanford University in California. Reported by Reuters, 15 September 2010.
36. Study by H. Storteboom, M. Arabi and J.G. Davis, Colorado State University; and B. Crimi, Delft University, The Netherlands. Environmental Science and Technology, 2010.
37. Study by Elizabeth Jeffery, Professor of Human Nutrition, and colleagues, University of Illinois. Food & Function, November 2010, Vol. 1, pp. 162–167.
38. A 2000 study led by Dr Chitra N. Wendakoon, University of Alberta, USA.
39. NZ Herald, November 2010.
40. Study by Walter Coyle, MD, Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, California, ‘Our gut flora: the internist’s guide.’ Presented to the American College of Physicians annual meeting, 2012. Reported by MedPage Today,
    22 April 2012.
41. Study by Katherine Samaras, Associate Professor, and Dr Alex Viardot, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism, April 2010.
42. Zimmer, Carl, ‘How Microbes Defend and Define Us.’ New York Times, 13 July 2010.
43. Study co-authored by biochemist and PhD student Jan-Hendrik Hehemann, biochemist and PhD student, Station Biologique de Roscoff, France, Nature, April 2010, and ‘Gut bacteria are what we eat.’ The Scientist — Magazine of the Life Sciences.
44. Study by Matthew Meyerson, head researcher, and colleagues, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and the Broad Institute, 2011.
45. Study by the team at the University of Wisconsin and Seattle-based Theraclone Sciences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 28 June 2010. Also see, studies by a team of researchers from the Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge and the Medical Research Council’s laboratory.
    NZ Herald, 3 November 2010.
46. Andreas Leibbrandt, Christiane Meier, Marielle König-Schuster, Regina Weinmüllner, Donata Kalthoff, Bettina Pflugfelder, Philipp Graf, Britta Frank-Gehrke, Martin Beer, Tamas Fazekas, Hermann Unger, Eva Prieschl Grassauer and Andreas Grassauer, ‘Iota-Carrageenan is a Potent Inhibitor of Influenza A Virus Infection.’ PLoS ONE: http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0014320.
47. Study by a team of researchers and scientists from Florence University in Italy on ‘the ancient traditional diet of youngsters from Boulon in Burkina Faso.’ Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2010.
48. Study by scientists at Washington State University. Food Chemistry, October 2014.
49. Study by Guarner F., ‘Microecology as a target for therapeutic intervention in inflammatory bowel disease’, IDrugs, 2003, 6(9):868–73. Also see, King, T.S., Elia, M. and Hunter, J.O., ‘Abnormal colonic fermentation in irritable bowel syndrome.’ The Lancet, 1998, 352:1187–1189. Also, study by a French team of researchers from the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2010.
50. Marge walked daily, lifted weights and ate her prebiotic-rich oatmeal.
51. Piya, M.K., et al., ‘Meal size and frequency influences metabolic endotoxaemia and inflammatory risk but has no effect on diet induced thermogenesis in either lean or obese subjects.’ Presented at the Society for Endocrinology BES Conference, 2014.
52. Study conducted by researchers from Tilburg University in The Netherlands. Journal of Consumer Research, December 2008.
53. ‘On-The-Go Eating in the US: Consumer, Foodservice, Retailing & Marketing Trends.’ Packaged Facts, June 2007. Also see, Kellogg’s Smarter Snacking Report, June 2008, compiled from two surveys conducted by Fly Research among 1000 adults in the UK in November 2007 and February 2008.
54. Study by the University of Newcastle in New South Wales with comments from nutrition specialists at Deakin University in Melbourne, on 179 obese Australians following a grazing diet. Reported 28 May 2008.
55. Study by senior researcher Dr Riadh Sadik, of the University of Gothenburg in Sweden, on 102 adults with bowel problems. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 2011.

GOLDEN Rule 17: Alkaline Balance is Crucial (ABC)

1. T.Y. Yesaki and G.K. Iwama, Department of Animal Science, University of British Columbia, Canada, ‘Survival, acid-base regulation, ion regulation, and ammonia excretion in rainbow trout in highly alkaline hard water.’ JSTOR: Physiological Zoology, July–August 1992, Vol. 65, No. 4, pp. 763–787.
2. Study by J. Christensen, ‘Alkaline water plant damage.’ GardenGuides.comhttp://www.gardenguides.com/128810-alkaline-water-plant-damage.html
3. Dr Guy Fagherazzi, PhD, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France, and Dr Francoise Clavel-Chapelon, ‘Dietary Load and Risk of Type II Diabetes.’ Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health at INSERM, Paris. 12 November 2013.
4. Rylander, R., Remer, T., Berkemeyer, S., et al., ‘Acid-base status affects renal magnesium losses in healthy, elderly persons. Journal of Nutrition, 2006, 136:2374–2377. Also see, Macdonald, H.M., New, S.A., Fraser, W.D., et al., ‘Low dietary potassium intakes and high dietary estimates of net endogenous acid production are associated with low bone mineral density in premenopausal women and increased markers of bone resorption in post-menopausal women.’ American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2005, 81:923–933. Also, Frassetto, L., Morris, R.C., Sellmeyer, D.E., et al., ‘Diet, evolution and aging. The pathophysiologic effects of the post-agricultural inversion of the potassium-to-sodium and base-to-chloride ratios in the human diet.’ European Journal of Nutrition, 2001, 40:200–213. Also, Sebastian,
   A., Frassetto, L.A., Morris, R.C., ‘The acid-base effects of the contemporary Western diet: an evolutionary perspective.’ The Kidney: Physiology and Pathophysiology, 9th edition.
5. Professor David Hemenway, Harvard School of Public Health. British Journal Injury Prevention, 2011.
6. Study by Tufts researchers, in collaboration with scientists from Northeastern University in Boston,
   B. Dawson-Hughes, S.S. Harris, N.J. Palermo, C. Castaneda-Sceppa, H.M. Rasmussen and G.E. Dallal, ‘Treatment with Potassium Bicarbonate Lowers Calcium Excretion and Bone Resorption in Older Men and Women.’ Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, January 2009, DOI:10.1210/jc.2008–1662. Also, Wachsman, A., and Bernstein, D.S., ‘Diet and osteoporosis.’ Lancet, 4 May 1968 (1969): 958–959. Also, Brosnan, J.T., and Brosnan, M.E., ‘Dietary protein, metabolic acidosis, and calcium balance,’ in H.H. Draper (ed.), Advances in Nutritional Research, pp. 77–105, New York: Plenum Press, 1982. Also, Margen, S., Chu, J-Y, Kaufmann, N.A., et al., ‘Studies in calcium metabolism. I. The calciuretic effect of dietary protein.’ American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1974, 27:584–589.
7. Westman, E.C., Yancy, W.S., Edman, J.S., et al., ‘Carbohydrate Diet Program.’ American Journal of Medicine, 2002, 113:30–36. Also see, Frassetto, L.A., Todd, K.M., Morris, R.C. Jr, et al., ‘Estimation of net endogenous noncarbonic acid production in humans from diet potassium and protein contents.’ American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1998, 68:576–583.
8. Faherazzi, G., et al., ‘Dietary acid load and risk of type 2 diabetes: The E3N-EPIC cohort study.’ Diabetologia, 2103, DOI:10.1007/s00125-013-3100-0. Also see, Mandel, E., et al., ‘Plasma bicarbonate and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus.’ Canadian Medical Association Journal, 2012, DOI:10.1503/cmaj.120438.
9. Nimrit Goraya, MD, of Texas A&M University, and colleagues; ‘Fruits and vegetables or oral NaHCO₃ preserve GFR and reduce urine angiotensinogen, a marker of kidney angiotensin II activity, in stage III CKD.’ ASN 2012, presented at Kidney Week 2012. Reported by MedPage Today, 4 November 2012.
10. Bernhard Kräutler and scientists, University of Innsbruck, Austria, ‘Colorless Tetrapyrrolic Chlorophyll Catabolites in Ripening Fruit Are Effective Antioxidants.’ Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2007, 46:8699–8702, DOI:10.1002/anie.200703587.
11. Study by Dutch scientists at the University of Amsterdam and Leiden University in the Netherlands. Reported by AAP, 30 September 2010.
12. Study on 67,102 women in the Nurses’ Health Study II, presented at the American Heart Association Scientific Sessions 2011 by lead author Janet Rich-Edwards, ScD, MPH, Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital.
13. Reported by privatemedlabs.com, 22 July 2013.
14. Study by Mohammad Siahpush, PhD, Professor of Health Promotion, on nearly 10,000 adults, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha. Also, study carried out by Associates for Research Into the Science of Enjoyment, UK, 1998.
15. Study on 204 married adults and 99 singles, by researchers from Brigham Young University, Annals of Behavioral Medicine, August 2008. Also, study by Dr Sheree Gibb and Otago University researchers, British Journal of Psychiatry, 2011. Also, study on over 90,000 women and 70,000 men, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 2012.
16. Nir Barzilai, Director, Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, study on over 500 Eastern Europe Ashkenazi Jews and 243 centenarians, by the Longevity Genes Project. Aging, 2012. Also see, study by Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Journal of Happiness Studies.
17. Study by Hayashi, T., Tsujii, S., Iburi, T., Tamanaha, T., Yamagami, K., Ishibashi, R., Hori, M., Sakamoto, S., Ishii, H. and Murakami, K., Biomedical Research, December 2008, 28(6):281–5, PMID: 18202517.
18. Dr Margot E. Kurtz and colleagues, Michigan State University, East Lansing, ‘Patient Optimism and Mastery — Do They Play a Role in Cancer Patients’ Management of Pain and Fatigue?’ Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, July 2008.
19. Study by researchers at the University of Pittsburgh reviewing the Women’s Health Initiative study, on more than 100,000 over-50s. Presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychosomatic Society, 2009, Chicago. Also see, study meta-analysis of more than 160 studies. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 1 March 2011.
20. Study by Swiss researchers from the University of Zurich in Switzerland, Psychosomatic Medicine,
    13 November 2008. Also see, study by Dr Sheree Gibb and Otago University researchers, British Journal of Psychiatry, 2011.
21. Levy, B.R., ‘Preventive health behaviors influenced by self-perceptions of aging.’ Preventative Medicine, 2004, 39(3):625–9. Also see, study by researchers, PLoS ONE, 28 March 2012.
22. Levy, B.R., Slade, M.D., Kasl, S.V., ‘Longitudinal benefit of positive self-perceptions of aging on functional health.’ The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 2002, 57(5):409–17.
23. Levy, B.R., Slade, M.D., Kunkel, S.R., Kasl, S.V., ‘Longevity increased by positive self-perceptions of aging.’ Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2002, 83(2):261–70.
24. Study by scientists at UCLA’s School of Medicine. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Science News, January 2012.
25. Study covering the Australian Longitudinal Study of Aging. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, September 2009. Also see, study by USC psychologist Margaret Gatz and researchers from Brigham Young University on many studies on longevity and social ties., PLoS Medicine, 2010, reported by the USC Davis School of Gerontology. Also, study by Israeli researchers, Fertility and Sterility, 2011.
26. Catherine Stoney, Ohio State University, 2000.
27. Study by Dr Hilary A. Tindle, MD, Assistant Professor, Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, and Suzanne Steinbaum, MD, Director, Women and Heart Disease, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York City. Circulation, August 2009. Also see, study by Anna Kucharska-Newton, PhD, MPH, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, ‘Anger proneness increases risk of heart failure.’ Heart Failure Society of America, 2011.
28. Study by Miller, M., ‘Laughter and vascular function.’ European Society of Cardiology, 2011.
29. Study by Bonaguidi, F., et al., ‘Anger predicts long-term mortality in patients with myocardial infarction.’ European Society of Cardiology, 2011, Abstract 3754.
30. Dr Tetsuya Ohira, University of Minneapolis, ‘The Cardiovascular Risk Development In Young Adults study.’ Study on 3579 men and women.
31. Study of 5614 residents of the Italian island of Sardinia by Angelina Sutin of the National Institute on Aging in Bethesda, Maryland, and colleagues, as published in Hypertension, 2010.
32. Study from Washington State University. Hormones and Behavior, March 2010, 57(3):276-83.
33. Study involved 39 women, aged 20 to 50 years, who had been experiencing extreme stress for years as a result of caring for a child with a chronic illness, and 19 other similar women whose children were healthy. Also, study by Mayo Clinic researcher Dr Toshihiko Maruta, MD. A 30-year study of 839 patients found a pessimistic view gave a 19% increase in the risk of mortality, 2000.
34. Study by lead author and Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, Valerie Harder, from the University of Vermont, Alcohol and Alcoholism, June 2013. Professor Harder looked at 246 study participant problem drinkers, aged 21 to 82, who went through an alcohol treatment programme covering moods, stress level and drinking habits on the programme. The Daily Mail, LiveScience and Fox News, 29 July 2013.
35. Study by Nicholas Christakis, Professor of Medical Sociology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, and James Fowler, Political Scientist, University of California, San Diego. They looked at data from 4700 children of volunteers in the Framingham Heart Study. British Medical Journal, December 2008.
36. Study analysis on data collected from 1880 people who lived in Framingham, Massachusetts. Proceedings of the Royal Society, 2010, reported by the Sydney Morning Herald, 25 July 2010.

GOLDEN Rule 19: Get your Nutrients from your Food

1. National Research Council, Diet, Nutrition and Cancer. Washington DC, National Academy Press, 1982.
2. Study funded by the National Cancer Institute, conducted by Jay H. Fowke, PhD, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.
3. Guarnieri, S., Riso, P. and Porrini, M., Division of Human Nutrition, University of Milan, Italy, ‘Orange juice vs vitamin C: effect on hydrogen peroxide-induced DNA damage in mononuclear blood cells.’ British Journal of Nutrition, April 2007, 97(4):639–43, PMID:17349075. Also see, Honow, R., Laube, N., Schneider, A., Kessler, T. and Hesse, ‘Influence of grapefruit-, orange- and apple-juice consumption on urinary variables and risk of crystallization.’ British Journal of Nutrition, August 2003, 90(2):295–300, PMID:12908889.
4. Neuhouser, M.L., Wassertheil-Smoller, S., Thompson, C., et al., ‘Multivitamin use and risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease in the Women’s Health Initiative cohorts.’ Archives of Internal Medicine, 2009, 169:294–304. Also see, Martinez, M.E.,  et al., ‘Dietary supplements and cancer prevention: Balancing potential benefits against proven harms.’ Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 2012, DOI:10.1093/jnci/djs195.
5. Meulepas, J.M., Newcomb, P.A., Burnett-Hartman, A.N., et al., ‘Multivitamin supplement use and risk of invasive breast cancer.’ Public Health Nutrition, December 2009, 3:1–6.
6. MedPage Today, 6 December 2011.
7. Researchers from Lund University, Malmo, Sweden. International Journal of Cancer, 2009.
8. Dr Moses Elisaf, University Hospital of Loannina, Greece. Study meta-analysis on nearly 70,000 patients pooled from 20 separate global clinical trials. Journal of the American Medical Association,
   12 September 2012. Also see, Niga, A., et al., ‘Fish oil for the reduction of atrial fibrillation recurrence, inflammation, and oxidative stress.’ Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2014, 64L1441-1448.
9. Study by Hertzel Gerstein, MD, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada, on over 12,500 patients with diabetes or pre-diabetes with heart disease or at high risk for stroke. The New England Journal of Medicine, 2012. Reported by WebMD Health News, 25 July 2012.
10. Study review and analysis of previous clinical trials (over 68,000 participants) is ‘the largest to date’, says Dr Donna Arnett, President of the American Heart Association. Journal of the American Medical Association, 11 September 2012.

My 20 GOLDEN Rules Summary

1. Tasnime Akbaraly, PhD, et al., of INSERM in Montpellier, France, ‘Does overall diet in midlife predict future aging phenotypes? A cohort study.’ American Heart Association, The American Journal of Medicine, May 2013, 126:411–19. Also see, study results by Haitham Ahmed and researchers at the Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease, from the multi-centre Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. The American Journal of Epidemiology, 3 June 2013. Also, ‘Successful prevention of non-communicable diseases: 25 years’ experience with North Karelia Project in Finland’. Also, study by epidemiologist Jared Reis, PhD, and colleagues, on data collected from more than 200,000 adults as conducted by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health. Reported on 18 November 2011. Also see, study by Dr A. Ramachandran, Diabetes Hospitals, Chennai. Diabetes Care, for the American Diabetes Association, 2014.
2. Study by Åkesson, A., et al., ‘Low-risk diet and lifestyle habits in the primary prevention of myocardial infarction in men.’ Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2014, DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.06.1190. Also see, Mozaffarian, D., ‘The promise of lifestyle for cardiovascular health.’ Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2014, DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.06.1191.
3. Dr David Katz, Professor of Preventive Medicine, Physician and Director of Yale University’s Yale-Griffin Prevention Research Center, Medical Consultant for ABC News, and author of Disease Proof.

Jason wishes to deeply thank, acknowledge and recognise the effort and contribution that the PIF Foundation has provided on a voluntary basis since 2014, as we educated, motivated and inspired change that helps transform the health, vitality and longevity of people all over the world.