I know what it is like to be sick, really sick

1. ‘The Longevity Risk and Reward for Middle-Income Americans’ surveyed 500 Americans aged 55 to 75 and found that declining health is the number one concern for middle-income Americans. Survey by the Bankers Life and Casualty Company Center for a Secure Retirement. Reported by PRNewswire, 2 April 2013.
2. ‘There is concern, and a lot of literature to support it, that there will be a generation of children who will die before their parents. They will be so fat that they will develop diabetes, cancer, heart disease — there’s an endless list.’ From Cardiff and Vale University Health Board statistics. Reported by walesonline.co.uk, 15 January 2012.
3. Norm R.C. Campbell, MD, from the University of Calgary in Alberta, and colleagues. ‘As a result, it is predicted the next generation will live a shorter life span. If this occurs, it will be the first decline in life span since industrialization.’ The Canadian Journal of Cardiology (online edition), 2012.
4. Study released by the Paris-based Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 21 February 2012.
5. Study released by the British Heart Foundation and the University of Oxford. The Daily Mail, 12 August 2013.

Non-communicable diseases: a global crisis?

1. A study confirmed that there are now nearly one in nine adults, or 500,000,000 people, clinically obese, and more than one in ten of the world’s adult population is now overweight. The study was published in The Lancet, 17 May 2013 and reported by Deutsche Welle, 18 May 2013.
2. The international developed countries’ weight list as compiled by the Bloomberg news service using data from the Word Health Organisation (WHO), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and a survey funded by the United States (USA) Agency for International Development. As reported by the New Zealand Herald (NZ Herald), 24 May 2013. Also see, ‘Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic’, WHO, Geneva, 1998.
3. The Council of Australian Government’s Reform report on the National Healthcare Agreement , 24 May 2013.
4. Study by Sarah C. Walpole, David Prieto-Merino, Phil Edwards, John Cleland, Gretchen Stevens and Ian Roberts, ‘The weight of nations: an estimation of adult human biomass’. BMC Public Health, 17 June 2012.
5. Study published in The Lancet, 24 May 1997, 349 (9064):1498–504, by C.J. Murray and A.D. Lopez, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
6. Study from the near-decade long ‘Early Childhood Longitudinal Study’ by researchers on nearly 6000 white, black and Hispanic children. Pediatrics, December 2011.
7. From an International Diabetes Federation report released at the European Association for the Study of Diabetes congress in Lisbon, Portugal, 13–14 September 2011.
8. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), in 1980, 2% of adult-onset diabetes cases were diagnosed in people under the age of 19. In 2000 it was close to 50%.
9. A. Green, A.K. Sjølie, O. Eschøj, and K. Cruickshank, ‘Epidemiology of diabetes mellitus’ in J.C. Pickup and G. Williams (eds), Textbook of Diabetes, 2nd edition, Oxford, Blackwell Science, 1997. New England Journal of Medicine, 2010.
10. Study released by the OECD, 21 February 2012. Also see, N.A. Roper, R.W. Bilous, W.F. Kelly, N.C. Unwin, and V.M. Connolly, ‘Excess mortality in a population with diabetes and the impact of material deprivation: longitudinal population based study.’ British Medical Journal (BMJ), 2001, 322:1389–93.
11. Obesity now outnumbers hunger worldwide according to an annual World Disasters Report released by the International Federation of the Red Cross, 22 September 2011.
12. The 2013 Burden of Disease Study, as released by the Ministry of Health and University of Otago researchers, 8 August 2013.
13. A quarter of New Zealand adults are now obese, one of the highest rates in the West and an increase of 150% since 1980. ‘Number of obese or overweight Kiwi children to hit 25%’. Reported by the Press, 25 September 2010, and The 2006/2007 New Zealand Health Survey.
14. South Auckland obesity rates reported on 24 April 2013 by the NZ Herald. Also see a study released by the New Zealand Ministry of Health, ‘A focus on nutrition, key findings of the 2008/2009 New Zealand adult nutrition survey’ by the University of Otago.
15. The 2006/2007 New Zealand Health Survey. Also, see note 42.
16. From the 2011 State of the Nation Report from market researcher Roy Morgan Research.
17. Health Ministry data as released to the Press, published 25 September 2010.
18. A 2010 Ministry of Health report, ‘Diabetes Policy Model’, reveals that 10% of the adult population will have type II diabetes by 2028 and nearly half a million people by 2036. Diabetes New Zealand National President, Chris Baty, said that number was conservative as cases were already higher than projections and increasing by 8% a year.
19. In New Zealand, the lifetime risk of developing bowel cancer is 1 in 18 for men and 1 in 23 for women. ‘Nutrition and the Burden of Disease: New Zealand 1997–2011’, The Ministry of Health and The University of Auckland 2003. Also see, National Cancer Registry (2008); District Health Board (DHB) http://www.bowelscreeningwaitemata.co.nz/BowelHealth/BowelcancerinNZ.aspx; http://www.bowelcheck.co.nz/; www.bowelcanceraustralia.org/bca/, 2010.
20. Study by University of Otago researchers Dr Kirsten Coppell and Professor Jim Mann and colleagues, from the University’s Edgar National Centre for Diabetes and Obesity Research, New Zealand Medical Journal, 1 March 2013.
21. See note 3.
22. Study published in Obesity, January 2011. The study claimed that by 2025 the number of obese Australians will surpass those of healthy weight.
23. The Council of Australian Governments (COAG) Reform released their fourth report on the National Healthcare Agreement on 24 May 2013. Also see study by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW), January 2012. The researchers found that since 1990 the prevalence of diabetes in the Australian population has nearly tripled, from 1.5% to 4.1%.
24. ‘Comparative Health Performance in the Asia-Pacific Region: Findings and Implications of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.’ Released by Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) at their Australian conference in Melbourne, 2–3 May 2013.
25. ‘Action Agenda 2013.’ A report from Obesity Australia that is a five-point Action Agenda taking in research from the International Obesity Summit in New Zealand, December 2012.
26. The survey by the Centre for Community Child Health at Royal Children’s Hospital in Melbourne, and Adelaide researchers, as collected from 4983 preschoolers aged four and five in 2004, showed more than 15% were overweight and a further 5.5% now met the clinical definition of obese.
27. Medical Journal of Australia, 20 February 2012.
28. The Wellness Index, by Roy Morgan Research. A survey of 50,000 Australians, 16 April 2013.
29. The Australian Bureau of Statistics’ (ABS) quarterly snapshot of society, released 10 December 2009.
30. A landmark study of more than 16,000 Australians that used results from the Australian National Health Survey 2004–2005, which were analysed by the University of Sydney and Deakin International. Journal of Obesity, 2010.
31. Reported in the Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, January 2009. Also see, The Australian National Children’s Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey, jointly funded by the Department of Health and Ageing, the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry and the Australian Food and Grocery Council, October 2008.
32. Indian obesity and diabetes statistics from the 2013 OECD study as reported by United Nations News on 16 April 2013. Also, The RV Metropolis Bangalore Survey (April 2012–June 2013) found that type II diabetes is increasing in the 20–29 age group.
33. Indian obesity and diabetes statistics from the 2013 OECD study in note 34. Also, India has 20% adult obesity rates in 2011, from a study conducted among urban Indian adolescents by the National Diabetes, Obesity and Cholesterol Foundation.
34. Chinese obesity rates reported by China Daily, 30 May 2013.
35. Summary released 9 January 2012 by The Chinese Health Education Center.
36. Study paper published in The Lancet, 2012. In 30 years, the Chinese people have gone from having barely enough to eat to almost 100 million diabetics, with diabetes now afflicting nearly 10% of Chinese adults.
37. Reported by market research firm QF Information Consulting, 8 December 2011. Also see a 2009 report by the Chinese Association for Student Nutrition and Health. The number of overweight young people aged between 7 and 17 had tripled between 1982 and 2002.
38. Three studies covering the overall global levels of obesity, cholesterol and blood pressure, as published in The Lancet, 2012, show that over 10% of the global population is now obese, doubling that of 1980 — just 30 years ago.
39. Study published in the New England Journal of Medicine, March 2010, found much higher rates of diabetes than previous studies.
40. Ryan K. Masters, PhD, ‘The Impact of Obesity on US Mortality Levels: The Importance of Age and Cohort Factors in Population Estimates.’ Masters is a Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Health and Society Scholar and Demographer at Columbia University’s Mailman School of Public Health in New York City, and Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of Colorado, Boulder, USA. American Journal of Health, 5 April 2013.
41. Obesity predictions in the USA released by the Trust for America’s Health and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation in January 2012. Also see a study published in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2012, that found that by 2030, 42% of US adults could be obese.
42. Published in Obesity, the research is based on the US government’s Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, government survey data collected between the 1970s and 2004, suggesting that 86% of American adults will be overweight by 2030, with an obesity rate of 51%.
43. Study by researchers from Northwestern University as reported at the 2011 Scientific Sessions of the American Heart Association, finding 83% of US men and 72% of US women will be overweight or obese by the year 2020.
44. Study by Franco Sassi, the OECD Senior Health Economist and former London School of Economics lecturer who worked on the report for three years. September, 2010.
45. According to the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Population Study, sponsored by the CDC and National Institute of Health (NIH), and data published by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) in 2006, obesity rates for preschool children and adolescents have more than tripled in the past 30 years.
46. The 2013 Ministry of Health Report was presented at Otago University’s Waistline seminar on 7 June 2013. Also see, D.E. King et al., ‘The status of baby boomers’ health in the US: The healthiest generation?’ Journal of American Medical Association, 2013, DOI:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.2006.
47. 2011 diabetes statistics released by the CDC.
48. Ibid. If Americans keep living a sedentary lifestyle, filled with junk food and starch, a third will be diabetic by the year 2050.
49. New York obesity rates reported by the New York Daily News and Agence France-Presse (AFP), 10 June 2013.
50. American Samoa childhood obesity rates data from the Alpert Medical School at Brown University. Study of 800 babies born in American Samoa between 2001 and 2008.
51. Report published in the Canadian Journal of Public Health, 2013, covering the period from 2003–2011, showed self-reported adult obesity rates in Canada have increased to 25%.
52. Study published in Dia­betologia, the Journal of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, June 2013. The study covered patient records in both Britain and Canada.
53. Study released 10 April 2012 by Brazil’s Health Ministry, based on up-to-date data on 54,144 people in the capital of Brazil’s 27 states.
54. Mexico obesity and diabetes rates released by Mexico’s 2012 Secretariat of Health. President Felipe Calderon said that, ‘Mexico had the highest rate of obesity for children ages 5 to 19 in the world.’ Reported by Associated Press (AP) and the Washington Post, 20 October 2011.
55. European obesity rates reported by Deutsche Welle, 18 May 2013. Also see Health at a Glance: Europe 2010, a report on health in the 27-member bloc by the OECD and the Brussels-based Commission. The report confirmed the rate of obesity has more than doubled over the past 20 years in most member states.
56. European obesity rates reported by Deutsche Welle, 18 May 2013.
57. German obesity and diabetes rates taken from a 2012 Government Report. Reported by Deutsche Welle, 17 December 2012.
58. See note 65.
59. Turkish obesity rates released by the Turkish Statistics Institute (TurkStat). Reported by worldbulletin.net, 25 April 2013.
60. The British National Child Measurement Programme, 2011, found that one child in three is overweight when they leave primary school at the age of 11. Almost a fifth are classed as obese. Also, according to 2011 figures gathered by the National Health Service (NHS), the number of final year primary school children classed as obese has risen to 19%.
61. The NHS 2011 Survey, reported by Top News, 14 December 2011.
62. UK diabetes and obesity rates in young people study by researchers from Cardiff University and the Heart of England NHS Trust in Birmingham. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, June 2013.
63. According to a European Commission report published in November 2011, the UK is the most overweight and obese country in Europe. Reported on 11 March 2012 by independent.com.
64. UK obesity and diabetes rates reported by the Daily Record, 21 June 2013.
65. High blood pressure and obesity death numbers from the 2010 GBD study published in The Lancet. Also, the 2010 Heart and Stroke Statistics report published by the American Heart Association, WHO and an international consortium of nearly 500 scientists from 187 countries globally, including the Harvard School of Public Health.
66. British diabetes rates and medication sales reported by NHS data from the Health and Social Care Information Centre for England, show Britain’s diabetes prescriptions soared by 50% in six years. Reported by The Daily Mail, 14 August 2012.
67. World obesity rates, The Lancet, 17 May 2013. Reported by Deutsche Welle, 18 May 2013.
68. The Scottish obesity crisis is worse than previously thought as the Scottish Government had published the wrong figures.  Corrected numbers were released by the Scottish Government and the Scottish Health Survey on 2 August 2013.
69. Reported by Diet Chef and PRNewswire from Edinburgh, Scotland on 8 October 2012.
70. Scottish children and obesity rates data from a study covering 52,139 children, ‘weighed and measured’ children of primary one age, reported by BBC News, 30 April 2013.
71. Irish childhood obesity rates from The Framework for Preventing and Addressing Overweight and Obesity in Northern Ireland 2012–2022: ‘A Fitter Future for All.’ Reported by The Independent, 15 April 2013.
72. E.L. Masso, S. Gonzalez, S. Johansson, MA, L.A. Garcia Rodriguez, ‘Trends in the prevalence and incidence of diabetes in the UK: 1996–2005’. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 2009.
73. 2013 statistics as reported by the NHS Health and Social Care Information Centre (HSCIC).
74. Study led by Dr Sonia Saxena of Imperial College London and researchers from the Medical University of South Carolina and the Imperial School of Public Health, with data from the National Health Service UK health statistics. PLoS ONE, 13 June 2013.
75. UK obesity rates. Reported by The Telegraph and agencies, 29 October 2012.
76. A study conducted by researchers from the University College London showed the number of children in the UK taking prescription weight loss drugs increased by 15 times between 1999 and 2006. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, reported by the Observer, 25 October 2009.
77. French obesity rates, The Telegraph, 16 October 2012. Also see note 42.
78. Middle East obesity and diabetes statistics released by Mohammed Al Kebsi, Consultant Interventional Cardiologist from the Yemeni Heart Association (YHA), at the first International Cardiology Symposium and Diabetes Forum — A Global Agenda (ICS-13), May 2013.
79. ‘Over 80% of Kuwait children are obese,’ said Professor Mustafa Hayat at the Basic Education Faculty, 17 December 2012. Reported by alshahed Daily.
80. Study conducted among 230,000 adolescents by Israel Clalit Health Services reveals that 1 in 11 teenagers in Israel suffer from severe obesity. Also, according to 2011 Health Ministry surveys, about half of the country’s population is overweight.
81. Statistics taken from a Dubai Health Authority (DHA) campaign linked to World Heart Day, 29 September 2011.
82. Study published in the Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, late 2011.
83. Belly fat and heart death risk. Study by S. Adabag, et al., ‘Risk of sudden cardiac death in obese individuals: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study’. Presented by the Heart Rhythm Society 2012, abstract PO1-67.
84. ‘Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics — 2012 Update’ is a study published online in Circulation: Journal of the American Heart Association, 15 December 2011.
85. US heart failure predictions study analysis published in Circulation: Heart Failure, 24 April 2013.
86. ‘Older Americans 2010: Key Indicators of Well-Being’, a report compiled by 15 federal agencies in July 2010. The report found that the rate of death from Alzheimer’s rose almost 30-fold, from 6 per 100,000 people in 1981 to 176.9 per 100,000 in 2006.
87. B. Jarett et al., ‘Lifetime Risks of Cardiovascular Disease.’ The New England Journal of Medicine, 2012.
88. WHO estimates that the number of people that will die from cardiovascular diseases each year will reach 23.3 million by 2030.
89. Report from the National Center for Cardiovascular China confirmed that China has 290 million patients with cardiovascular disease, 60 million more than the 230 million such patients in 2010. Reported by mizonews.com, 9 August 2013.
90. The Australian Bureau of Statistics, August 2013.
91. Indian heart disease numbers shared by Dr Khawar Kazmi, Section Head of Cardiology at Aga Khan University Hospital, during a talk on 2012 World Heart Day.
92. Senior Cardiologist and Secretary of the Pakistan Cardiology Society, Professor Khan Shahzaman, said at a seminar on 29 September 2011, ‘By 2020 non-communicable diseases (NCDs) would account for 73% of Pakistani deaths, of which 50% would be cardiovascular disease.’
93. Heart disease mortality expectations study on data from five long-running studies of US heart health, 1964–2008, published in The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) by Northwestern University cardiologist John Wilkins and colleagues, 7 November 2012. Also see, a US heart disease mortality study by Brent M. Egan, MD, Professor of Medicine and Pharmacology at Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), and colleagues, published in Circulation, 2013. The research was analysed using National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) from three key study periods: 1988–1994, 1999–2004 and 2005–2010, reported 2 July 2013.
94. Study by B. Jarett et al., ‘Lifetime Risks of Cardiovascular Disease.’ The New England Journal of Medicine, 27 January 2012.
95. W. Ashton, K. Nanchahal and D. Wood, ‘Body mass index and metabolic risk factors for coronary heart disease in women.’ European Heart Journal, 2001, 22: 46–55. Also see, European Cardiovascular Disease Statistics provided by the European Heart Network and the European Society of Cardiology, 2013.
96. ‘Cancer Facts & Figures 2010’, an annual publication of the American Cancer Society in Atlanta, Georgia. Also see, cancer report by the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), released on World Cancer Day, 4 February 2013.
97. ‘Global Cancer Facts & Figures 2008’ from an American Cancer Society news release, 4 February 2011.
98. University of Washington researchers, led by co-author Dr Rafael Lozano, a Professor of Global Health at the university’s IHME, collected data from more than 300 cancer registries and cause-of-death offices in 187 countries. The Lancet, online edition, 15 September 2001.
99. The UK obesity and cancer connection figures from Cancer Research UK and World Cancer Research Fund 2012, 3 October 2012. Also see note 121.
100. Stomach cancer growth figures supplied by The American Cancer Society and reported by WHO on 6 May 2013. Also see note 121.
101. Research released by the American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR), 5 November 2009. Also see note 121.
102. Health at a Glance: Europe 2010. A report on health in the 27-member bloc by the OECD.
103. ‘The Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2011: Warning about the Dangers of Tobacco’, WHO Report, Geneva, Switzerland, 2011. Also see, ‘How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease — The Biology and Behavioral Basis for Smoking-Attributable Disease’, US Department of Health and Human Service.
104. R. Peto, A. Lopez, J. Boreham, M. Thun and C.J. Heath, Mortality from Smoking in Developed Countries, 1950–2000, Oxford University Press, New York, 1994. Also see, ‘A review of human carcinogens. Part E: Personal habits and indoor combustions’, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Lyon, France, IARC, 2009.
105. Cancer numbers taken from the most comprehensive global examination ever done on cancer, The World Cancer Report, IARC. Also see, ‘Nutrition, Physical Activity and Non-Communicable Disease Prevention: A Briefing Document.’ Year and author? Also, ‘The International Update of Alcohol-Linked Cancer Deaths, 2013.’
106. Study published in Pharmaceutical Research, 2008. The researchers said, ‘Only 5% to 10% of all cancer cases can be attributed to genetic defects, while the remaining 90% to 95% have their roots in the environment and lifestyle … cancer is a disease commonly believed to be preventable.’  Also see note 131.
107. Study published online, Obesity Reviews, 4 June 2012.
108. Chinese cancer growth figures from a report in Chinese Medical Journal, 13 June 2013.
109. The American Association for Cancer Research, The 2013 Cancer Progress Report. Reported by MedPage Today, 17 September 2013.
110. UK cancer numbers from the 2013 Macmillan Cancer Support Review, analysing existing data on cancer prevalence, incidence and mortality, 7 June 2013. Also see, UK obesity and cancer connection figures from Cancer Research UK and World Cancer Research Fund, 2012.
111. UK breast cancer growth in young women, the Guardian, 3 May 2013.
112. See note 140.
113. The World Cancer Research Fund released figures on 4 February 2012 to mark World Cancer Day. They said, ‘Ireland will have 35,500 new cancer cases a year by 2030.’

Advertising, marketing and medicine

1. Study by a research team from the University of Sydney and the Cancer Council NSW, International Journal of Pediatric Obesity (2010), May 2010.
2. ibid.
3. Reported by the Sydney Morning Herald and AAP, 29 April 2009.
4. Study by the Yale University’s Rudd Center for Food Policy, 2009.
5. Elizabeth Russell interview and quotes reported by the Sunday Star Times, 2 May 2010.
6. Dr Pauline W. Chen, New York Times, 16 September 2010.
7. The 2010 GBD study published in The Lancet. Also see the 351-page World Cancer Report; Global Cancer Facts & Figures 2013; Nutrition, Physical Activity and Non-Communicable Disease Prevention: A Briefing Document; the Global Morbidity Report, 2008.
8. Study published in Academic Medicine, a journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges, 2010.
9. Study by S.N. Bleich et al., ‘Impact of physician BMI on obesity care and beliefs.’ Obesity 2012, DOI: 10.1038/oby.2011.402, at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in Baltimore, reported by MedPage Today, 29 January 2012.
10. Nurses were more likely to be obese when compared to other professions. Study from the US Gallup-Healthways Well-Being Index poll of 138,438 people over 18 years old, 16 May 2013.
11. ‘Invisible Patients’, a government-funded 2009–10 study into the scale of the alcohol and drug abuse crisis in the British Medical Establishment. Archives of Surgery, 24 February 2012.
12. The Practitioner Health Program (PHP) was set up by the Chief Medical Officer for England, Sir Liam Donaldson, in response to concerns that health professionals were avoiding treatment for serious health problems and/or self-medicating, out of fear of being judged and stigmatised. Reported by Jane Dreaper, Health Correspondent, BBC News, 29 January 2010.
13. Study by T. D. Shanafelt et al., ‘Burnout and satisfaction with work-life balance among US physicians relative to the general US population.’ Archives of Internal Medicine, 2012, 10.1001/archinternmed.2012.3199. Reported by MedPage Today, 20 August 2012.
14. Read more at http://www.sacbee.com/static/weblogs/run_sacramento/2010/04/80-year-old-boston-runnerdoctor-talks-longevity.html#ixzz0rdEjoDwe
15. See our website, www.jasonshonbennett, for many more references and information concerning breast cancer.
16. ‘Expert Report, Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective’,

Word Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) and AICR,  2007–11.

1. B. Starfield, ‘Is US health really the best in the world?’ JAMA 284, 2000, pp. 483–85.
2. D. Phillips, N, Christenfeld and L. Glynn, ‘Increase in US medication-error death between 1983 and 1993’, The Lancet 351, pp. 643–44.
3. R.N. Anderson, ‘Deaths: leading causes for 2000.’ National Vital Statistics Reports 50(16) (2002). The Lancet 351, 1998, pp. 643–44.
4. US Congressional House Subcommittee Oversight Investigation, ‘Cost and quality of healthcare: unnecessary surgery’, Washington DC, 1976. Also see, L. Leape, ‘Unnecessary surgery’, Annual Review of Public Health 13, 1992, pp. 363–83.
5. J. Lazarou, B. Pomeranz, and P.N. Corey, ‘Incidence of adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients’, JAMA 279, 1998, pp. 1200–05. Also see, ‘International Drug Monitoring: the Role of the Hospital’, WHO Technical Report Series No. 425, Geneva, Switzerland, 1966.
6. A survey by the European Centre for Diseases Prevention and Control (ECDC) covering 1000 hospitals in 30 European countries, found a total of 15,000 reported healthcare-associated infections, meaning 1 in 18 patients in European hospitals had at least one hospital-acquired infection, leading to 3.2 million patients getting sick per year. Marc Sprenger, Director of the Stockholm-based ECDC said, ‘Healthcare-associated infections pose a major public health problem and a threat to European patients.’ Reported by Reuters Health Information, 5 July 2013.
7. Commentary article, Nature, 28 March 2012.

How do we get from where we are, to where we want to be?

1. C.L. Haynes and G.A. Cook, ‘Audit of health promotion practice within a UK hospital: results of a pilot study’. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 2008, 14:103–109.

Eat Less, Live Long

1. Study released at a International Longevity Centre UK (ILC-UK) event, 22 July 2013.
2. Research from the Pennington Biomedical Research Center in Louisiana, and Epworth’s Centre for Molecular Biology and Medicine.
3. Study in Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, October 2007. Also see, work research by the UB School of Public Health and Health Professions and the University at Buffalo.
4. Research by the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California in Nature.

Calorie restriction

1. Study by a team led by Maria Blasco, the Director of the Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) and head of the Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Plos One, January 2013.
2. Study by Anderson et al., Circulation, 2013.
3. Study by Honig, et al, Journal of the American Medical Association — Neurology, 2012. 4. Also see a study by Phillips et al., Psychosomatic Medicine, 2013.
4. R. Walford, chapter 5, pp. 51–73 in R. Kotulak and P. Gorer (eds), Aging On Hold — Secrets of Living Younger Longer’, Tribune Publishing, USA, (1992). Also see, R.B. Effros, R.L. Walford, R. Weindruch and C.J. Mitcheltree, ‘Influences of dietary restriction on immunity to influenza in aged mice’, Gerontol, July 1991, 46(4):B 142–147. Also a study by Chinese researchers from the Institute of Nutritional Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, reported in China Daily, 18 July 2013.
5. C. Sherwood, et al., ‘Aging of the cerebral cortex differs between humans and chimpanzees’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, DOI:10.1073/pnas.1016709108, 25 July 2011, reported by Reuters, Columbus Public Health, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and NIH, 30 August 2012.
6. Professor Leonard Guarente, Donmez, Diana Wang, Dena E. Cohen, and Paul F. Glenn, ‘SIRT1 Suppresses β-Amyloid Production by Activating the α-Secretase Gene ADAM10Gizem’, the Laboratory and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA, Cell, 23 July 2010. Also see Michael J. Powell, Mathew C. Casimiro, Carlos Cordon-Cardo, Xiaohong He, Wen-Shuz Yeow, Chenguang Wang, Peter McCue, Michael W McBurney and Richard G Pestell, ‘Disruption of a Sirt1 Dependent Autophagy Checkpoint in the Prostate Results in Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia Lesion Formation’, Cancer Research, 1 February 2011. Also see 40 years of published medical literature covering European wartime populations and Okinawans, Washington University School of Medicine, JAMA, 2007; 297(9):986–94. See, a study by Tomas A. Prolla, a UW-Madison Professor of Genetics, John M. Denu of UW-Madison’s Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, postdoctoral fellows Shinichi Someya, of UW-Madison and the University of Tokyo, and Wei Yu of UW-Madison, Cell, November 2010.
7. ibid. See also studies by researchers from the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Department of Biological Sciences, Cell reports and Molecular and Cellular Biology, January 2013.
8. Study presented by Dr Sebastiaan Hammer of Leiden (the Netherlands) University Medical Center at the 2011 annual meeting of the Radiological Society of North America.
9. Paul Dolby article, interview and quotes reported by the mailonline.co.uk, 26 December 2011.
10. S.P. Curran, X. Wu, C. Riedel and G. Ruvkun, ‘A soma-to-germline transformation in long-lived Caenorhabditis elegans mutants’, Nature, 25 June 2009, 25:459(7250):1079–84. Also see, S.P. Curran, ‘Conserved Mechanisms of Lifespan Regulation and Extension in C. elegans in Sell’; and Antonello Lorenzini, Holly M. Brown-Borg (eds), ‘Life Span Extension: Single Cell Organisms to Man’, Aging Medicine, Humana Press Inc., 2009; and Nicholas Wade, ‘In Worms, Genetic Clues to Extending Longevity’ this reference looks incomplete; and Sue McGreevey, ‘Mutations extending lifespan induce expression of germline genes in somatic cells’, from Massachusetts General Hospital this reference look incomplete; and Brandon Keim, ‘The Secret to Roundworm Longevity: Sex Cells’ this reference look incomplete; and Imai Shin-chiro, MD, PhD, and colleagues at the Washington University School of Medicine,  ‘Sirt1 extends life span and delays aging in

The longest-lived people in the world

1. Study by a research group at the Massachusetts General Hospital led by Sean P. Curran and Gary Ruvkun, Nature, 2009. Taken from two long-term study reviews based on 366,000 people aged between 18 and 59 evaluated for 22 years that was published in JAMA. Also R.B. Verdery and R.L. Walford, ‘Changes in plasma lipids and lipoproteins in humans during a 2-year period of dietary restriction in Biosphere T’, Archives of Internal Medicine (AIM), 27 April 1998, 158(8); 900–906; and see R.L. Walford and M. Crew, ‘How dietary restriction retards aging: an integrative hypothesis’, Growth, Development and Aging (GDA), 1989 Winter, 53(4) 139–140.
2. Verdery, R.B. and Walford, R.L., see note 1.
3. Study by L. Fontana, ‘Excessive adiposity, calorie restriction and aging in humans’, JAMA, Vol. 293:13, 5 April 2006.
4. Study by L.K. Heilbron, L. de Jonge, M.I. Frisard, J.P. DeLany, D. Enette, L. Meyer, J. Rood, T. Nguyen, C.K. Martin, J. Volaufova, M.M. Most, F. L. Greenway, S.R. Smith, D.A. Williamson, W.A. Deutsch and E. Ravussin, ‘Effect of 6-month calorie restriction on biomarkers of aging, metabolic adaptation and oxidative stress in overweight subjects’, JAMA, Vol. 293:13, 5 April 2006. Also, study by T.E. Meyer, S.J. Kovacs, A.A. Ehsani, S. Klein, J.O. Holloszy and L. Fontana, ‘Long-term caloric restriction ameliorates the decline in diastolic function in humans’, The Journal of the American College of Cardiology (JACC), Vol. 47:2, pp. 398–402, 17 January 2006.
5. Study by the University of Munster, Germany, ‘Caloric restriction improves memory in elderly humans’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, February 2009.
6. ‘Biological Sciences as part of the Comprehensive Assessment of Long-Term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy conducted at the Human Nutrition Center on Aging at Tufts University’, Journal of Gerentology, 30 April 2010. Also, R.L. Walford, ‘The clinical promise of dietary restriction’, Geriatrics, April 1990, 45(4), pp. 81–83, 86–87; and study by A. Soare, R. Cangemi, D. Omedei, J.O. Holloszy and L. Fontana, ‘Long-term calorie restriction, but not endurance exercise, lowers core body temperature in humans’, Aging, Vol. 3(3), March 2011.
7. guardian.co.uk, 1 August 2010.
8. L.K. Heilbronn, L. de Jonge, M.I. Frisard et al., ‘Effect of 6-month calorie restriction on biomarkers of longevity, metabolic adaptation, and oxidative stress in overweight individuals: a randomized controlled trial’, JAMA, 2006, 295(13):1539–48.
9. D.E. Larson-Meyer, B.R. Newcomer, L.K. Heilbronn et al., ‘Effect of 6-month calorie restriction and exercise on serum and liver lipids and markers of liver function’, Obesity (Silver Spring), 2008,16(6):1355–62.
10. M. Franco et al., ‘Population-wide weight loss and regain in relation to diabetes burden and cardiovascular mortality in Cuba 1980–2010’, The British Medical Journal (BMJ) 2013, DOI: 10.1136/bmj.f1515; and study by W.C. Willett, ‘Weight changes and health in Cuba: learning from hardship’, BMJ 2013, DOI: 10.1136/bmj.f1777, reported by MedPage Today, 9 April 2013.
11. Reported by Lee Ji-yoon, Arirang News, 10 June 2011; and englishnews@chosun.com on 22 June 2011.
12. M. Poulain, G.M. Pes, C. Grasland et al., ‘Identification of a geographic area characterized by extreme longevity in the Sardinia island: the AKEA study’, Experimental Gerentology, September 2004, 39(9):1423–29. Also, M. Poulain et al., ‘Age-Validation and Non-Random Spatial Distribution of Extreme Longevity in Sardinia: The AKEA Study’, unpublished draft, November 2003.
13. M. Poulain et al., ‘A population where men live as long as women: Villagrande Strisaili, Sardinia’,Journal of Aging Research, 1 December 2011, article ID 153756.
14. ‘What Is Special About the Sardinian Blue Zone?’, AntiAgingRemedies.org.
15. D. Reynolds, ‘The Sardinian Diet May Be the Secret to Longevity’, EMaxHealth.com, 21 October 2009. Also, ‘Blue Zone Regions — Health and Nutrition’ at NutritionistWorld.com; and G.M. Pes, F. Tolu, M. Poulain et al., ‘Lifestyle and nutrition related to male longevity in Sardinia: an ecological study’, Nutrition, Metabolism & Cardiovascular Diseases, 27 September 2011, doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2011.05.004.
16. Taken from the 1999 Akea project study done by the US National Institute of Aging alongside the University of Sassari on Sardinian longevity.
17. newsmaxhealth.com, 21 August 2012.
18. upi.com/health news, 6 September 2012.
19. In 2006, the Gerontological Society began identifying countries and areas where people lived the longest healthiest lives with very low disease rates and very low drug requirements. China Daily, 6 September 2013.
20. Statistics in this article from The Washington Post, 1 January 2013.
21. Study by epidemiologist Luis Rosero-Bixby, from the University of Costa Rica in San José, and W.H. Dow, Population Health Metrics, 10 and 11, 2012, in Nature, DOI:10.1038/nature.2013.13663. Also see, B.N. Uchino et al., Health Psychology 31, 2012, pp. 789–796. Also in research by D.H. Rehkopf et al., Stanford School of Medicine in California, Experimental Gerontology. Also, research by Michel Poulain, a demographer and longevity researcher at the Estonian Institute for Population Studies in Tallinn, Also, E.S. Epel et al., Proceedings of the National Acadamy of Science of the United States of America 101, 2004, pp. 17312–315.
22. The well-established, long-running and ongoing Adventist Health Studies, carried out by Loma Linda University, California, on 96,000 Adventists aged 30–112, from all across the USA and Canada from 1974 to the present day.
23. B.J. Pettersen, R. Anousheh, J. Fan, K. Jaceldo-Siegl and G.E. Fraser, ‘Vegetarian diets and blood pressure among white subjects: results from the Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2)’, Public Health Nutrition, October 2012, 15(10).
24. Study by Greek cardiologists from the Athens University School of Medicine, conducted from June to October 2009 on over 1400 Ikarians and published in July 2011. Christina Chrysohoou, a cardiologist, told AFP that, ‘While in the rest of Europe only 0.1% of the population is over 90 years old, in Ikaria the figure is tenfold, 1.1%’. Also see notes 29 and 30 and see additional notes and references on our website, www.jasonshonbennett.
25. Dr Marno Ryan from St Vincent’s Hospital in Melbourne, ‘The Mediterranean Diet: Improvement in Hepatic Steatosis and Insulin Sensitivity in Individuals with NAFLD’. Presented at the Liver Meeting by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) in San Francisco, 4–8 November 2011, reported by MarketWatch, 7 November 2011.
26. Study published in The Lancet, 2010. Researchers looked at data, including censuses, death registrations and surveys, to compile the estimated number of early deaths in 187 countries in 1970, 1990 and 2010. Reported by BBC News, 29 April 2010.
27. Study by researchers from the Harvard School of Public Health and the University of Athens Medical School in Greece, covering over eight years of data from 23,000 Greek men and women participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). BMJ, August 2013.
28. Study by researchers from the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging (USDA HNRCA), the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts University, and from the CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutriciόn in Spain. The study was performed on 7000 PREDIMED trial patients. Diabetes Care, 13 August 2013. Reported by Science Codex, 13 August 2013.
29. See note 29; also further references on our website, www.jasonshonbennett.com.
30. ‘The Ikaria Study’, a study of 673 Ikarians by Dr Christina Chrysohoou, a cardiologist at the University of Athens’ Medical School, and the Harvard School of Public Health study of 23,000 Greek adults. Reported by the Guardian, 31 May 2013.
31. Study by the Mayo Clinic, USA, 2013. Reported by MyHealthNewsDaily, 28 February 2013.
32. Study by Andrea Doseff, Associate Professor of Internal Medicine and Molecular Genetics at Ohio State University, and colleagues. Reported by ScienceDaily and the Times of India, 21 May 2013.
33. The 2013 PREDIMED Study from Spain, lead by Professor Jordi Salas-Salvadó, from the Universitat Rovira i Virgili on 7216 men and women aged 55–80.
34. Study published in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 30 January 2013. Reported by Reuters Health, 6 February 2013.
35. Study presented to the American Heart Association in Lake Buena Vista, on 1 May 2013. Reported by WebMD News from HealthDay News, 1 May 2013.
36. As reported by the Daily Mail, 12 June 2013.
37. Study by Xiaoyan Huang, MD, a PhD student at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden. Presented to the European Renal Association-European Dialysis and Transplant Association 50th Congress in May 2013. Reported by Medscape Medical News, 21 May 2013.
38. Study from researchers at the University of Alabama at Birmingham and the University of Athens, Greece, published in Neurology, the medical journal of the American Academy of Neurology, May 2013. Reported by Time Magazine, 1 May 2013.
39. Study by Miguel A. Martinez-Gonzalez, MD, MPH, PhD, of University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain, and colleagues, ‘Mediterranean diet improves cognition: the PREDIMED-NAVARRA randomised trial’. The six-year follow-up on 552 adults, published in The Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 2013, DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2013-305153. Reported by MedPage Today, 20 May 2013.
40. F. Sofi et al., ‘Ideal consumption for each food group composing Mediterranean diet score for preventing total and cardiovascular mortality’, presented at the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation’s EuroPRevent 2013 meeting; Abstract P106. Reported by MedPage Today, 22 April 2013.
41. M. Bes-Rastrollo, ‘Costs of Mediterranean and Western dietary patterns and their relationship with prospective weight change’, EuroPRevent 2013; Abstract 610. Reported by MedPage Today, 23 April 2013.
42. Study as part of the ENERGY project, published 25 April 2012 in PLoS ONE. Reported by vancouversun.com, 25 April 2012.
43. National Geographic, May 2013.
44. Study by T. Hofer, L. Fontana, S.D. Anton et al., ‘Long-term effects of caloric restriction or exercise on DNA and RNA oxidation levels in white blood cells and urine in humans’, Rejuvenation Research, 2008, 11(4):793–99.
45. J.F. Fries, ‘Japan Ministry of Health and Welfare life tables’, New England Journal of Medicine, 1980, 303:131–35.
46. The 1976 to present day Okinawa Centenarian Study (OCS) is an ongoing population-based study of centenarians and other selected elderly in the Japanese prefecture of Okinawa that began in 1975. Also, S. Mizushima et al., ‘The relationship of dietary factors to cardiovascular diseases among Japanese in Okinawa and Japanese immigrants, originally from Okinawa, in Brazil’, Hypertension Research, 1992, 15:45–55.
47. Alpa Patel of the American Cancer Society in Atlanta, and colleagues, studied 14 years of data covering over 120,000 people from the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort, a large, prospective study of cancer incidence and mortality. American Journal of Epidemiology, 2010. Reported on 23 July 2010.
48. Danielle Demetriou, Tokyo and telegraph.co.uk, 4 May 2010.

Processed Foods + Overeating + Overweight + Obesity = Short Lifespan

1. Study conducted at the French National Health Institute and published in Circulation, February 2012, evaluated 168,159 adults who saw their primary care doctors in 63 countries across five continents in 2006. Also, report by the OECD health review of 27 Asian and Pacific countries, 19 January 2011.
2. Study by Melbourne researchers Dr Cate Lombard and Professor Helena Teede of the Jean Hailes Foundation for Women’s Health, BMJ, August 2010.
3. Study published in Economic Inquiry, February 2008, based on information from NHANES and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention with contributions from the Florida State University and the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston and Diabetes Care.
4. Study of 6500 Danish men followed for 33 years by Dr Morton Schmidt and Henrik Toft Sorenson, from the Department of Clinical Epidemiology at Aarhus University Hospital in Denmark. BMJ Open, April 2013.
5. Study by Gerben Hulsegge from the Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, on 6000 adults aged 20–50 over a 25-year period. The European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, April 2013.
6. James A. Greenberg, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences at Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, ‘Obesity and Early Mortality in the U.S.’ The study used data from 37,632 participants in three NHANES and shows mortality is likely to occur 10–15 years earlier for the obese, Obesity, March 2013. Also, Amy Berrington de Gonzalez et al., ‘Body-mass index and mortality among 1.46 million white adults’, New England Journal of Medicine, 2012.
7. Study on peer-reviewed results, Biodemography and Social Biology, 2013.
8. Study data from The Physicians’ Health Study, which tracked the health of 21,094 US male doctors for 20 years. Circulation, December 2008.
9. Michael F. Leitzmann, Corinna Koebnick, Kim N. Danforth, Louise A. Brinton, Steven C. Moore, Albert R. Hollenbeck, Arthur Schatzkin, and James V. Lacey, Jr., ‘Body mass index and risk of ovarian cancer’, CANCER, 15 February 2009. CANCER is a peer-reviewed journal of the American Cancer Society.
10. Australian study by Access Economics, Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, and Diabetes Australia, found that 600,000 more patients are suffering illness because of obesity than was estimated in 2006. Figure released August 2008.
11. Paul W. Franks, PhD, Robert L. Hanson, MD, MPHWilliam C. Knowler, MD, DrPH, Maurice L. Sievers, MD, Peter H. Bennett, MB, FRCP, and Helen C. Looker, MB, BS, ‘Childhood Obesity, Other Cardiovascular Risk Factors, and Premature Death’, The New England Journal of Medicine, February 2010.
12. Study published November 2007, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.
13. Study by lead researcher Andrew Renehan, of Cardiff University in Britain, as presented to the ECCO-ESMO European Cancer Congress, Berlin, September 2009, using data from the WHO and the IARC.
14. Study by the Permanente Division of Research in California, Neurology, November 2008.
15. Study on more than 44,000 US women tracked for over 16 years by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and the National Institutes of Health and Harvard Medical School. This information was presented to the American Stroke Association’s International Stroke Conference 2008, from data from NHANES 1988–1994 and 1999–2004. Circulation, 2008.
16. Study published in The New England Journal of Medicine, November 2008, involved more than 350,000 people from nine countries, over ten years, and was based on research from EPIC.
17. C. Deglise et al., ‘Impact of obesity on diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer’, Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 14 July 2009. Also, study by W.K. Owiredu et al., ‘Serum lipid profile of breast cancer patients’, Pak Journal of Biological Science, February 2009.
18. Study on nearly 16,000 physically able, fibromyalgia-free women who were followed for 11 years, Arthritis Care and Research, May 2010.
19. Study by European researchers on 12,000 French men and women aged 18–69, BMJ, published online, June 2010.
20. Study detailed in Human Brain Mapping, September 2009 (online edition), funded by the National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Center for Research Resources, and the American Heart Association.
21. Study by Dr Diana Kerwin of Northwestern University in Chicago and colleagues, from the Women’s Health Initiative data, The Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 14 July 2010.
22. Study by the NIH, The Lancet, 5 August 2010.
23. Study by Dr Frank Biro, Director of Adolescent Medicine at Cincinnati’s Children’s Hospital and Marcia Herman-Giddens, DrPH, PA, Adjunct Professor, Public Health, Department of Maternal and Child Health, University of North Carolina, Pediatrics, September 2010.
24. A 2010 New Zealand Health Ministry report on maternal and perinatal deaths released on 16 October 2010. Also see research reported in The American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, April 2008, a study carried out at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Centre; and study data from the US Centres for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Birth Defects Prevention research, The American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, October 2009.
25. Study by Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH) and Brigham and Women’s Hospital (BWH) from the BWH-based Nurses’ Health Study, 1976 and ongoing, BMJ, November 2009.
26. B. Jarrett, G.J. Bloch, D. Bennett, B. Bleazard and D. Hedges, ‘The influence of body mass index, age and gender on current illness: a cross-sectional study’, International Journal of Obesity, 2010, 34:429–36, online 15 December 2009.
27. Research taken from several US mortality studies over a 30-year period and analysed by the Johns Hopkins University Medical School, 2010.
28. Study on 137 children from birth until age 28, Journal of Pediatrics, March 2013. Also, study by the University of Jena and the German Institute of Human Nutrition, Cell Metabolism, August 2011.
29. Study in JACC, November 2012.
30. Study by lead researcher Dr Sarah Shultz, from the Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation at the Queensland University of Technology, released at a Brisbane medical conference in November 2008.
31. Study report on US obesity rates in children by the Federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and The Center for Health Policy Research at the University of California at Los Angeles, released 1 August 2012.
32. From the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, reported by News.Medical.net, 22 May 2013.
33. Cari M. Kitahara, PhD, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, ‘Prospective Investigation of Body Mass Index, Colorectal Adenoma, and Colorectal Cancer in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial’ with data from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. The Journal of Clinical Oncology, May 2013.
34. ‘Overweight in Adolescence is Related to Increased Risk of Future Urothelial Cancer’, a study by researchers at Tel Aviv University on 1.1 million males followed for 18 years in the National Cancer Registry. Obesity, 2012.
35. Study by Andrew Rundle, an Associate Professor of Epidemiology at Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health in New York City, on nearly 500 men, followed for 14 years. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 23 April 2013.
36. Study on over 400,000 Asia-Pacific people, including 10,400 New Zealanders. The Lancet Oncology, 30 June 2010.
37. Study by Sabrina Schlesinger at Section of Epidemiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel in Kiel, Germany and colleagues, on 359,525 men and women enrolled in the EPIC study. International Journal of Cancer, September 2012.
38. Study on 1640 participants by E. Edelson, ‘As obesity increases, so does stroke risk’, 2010.
39. Study by K. Britton et al., ‘Body fat distribution, incident cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all-cause mortality’. The Journal of the American College of Cardiology, July 2013.
40. In 2010, a study by researchers at Johns Hopkins University of over 95,000 medical records found obesity doubles your risk of developing kidney stones.
41. A 2010 study on 13,549 middle-aged participants found that people who are obese have an increased risk of suffering from a stroke.
42. Study data from the Dutch Pediatric Surveillance Unit, published online 23 July 2012 in The Archives of Disease in Childhood. Also, a July 2012 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention release found over 60% of obese US teens have at least one cardiovascular risk factor.
43. Study by Dr Declan O’Regan of the Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Center at Imperial College London. Hypertension, June 2013.
44. Study on over 85,000 Canadians carried out by the University of Ottawa Researchers at the University of Ottawa, released April 2013.
45. Corinna Koebnick, PhD, of Kaiser Permanente Southern California in Pasadena, and colleagues, ‘Pediatric obesity and gallstone disease: results from a cross-sectional study of over 510,000 youth’. The Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, August 2012.
46. Alex Chang, MD et al., of Johns Hopkins University, ‘Lifestyle-related factors, obesity, and incident microalbuminuria: The CARDIA study’. The American Journal of Kidney Disease, April 2013.
47. F.X. Castellanos et al., ‘Obesity in men with childhood ADHD: a 33-year controlled, prospective follow-up study’, at the Child Study Center at NYU Langone Medical Center. Pediatrics (online edition), 20 May 2013.
48. Study by Paresh Dandona, MD, PhD, SUNY, Muniza Mogri, MD; Husam Ghanim, PhD and Teresa Quattrin, MD. Clinical Endocrinology (online edition), October, 2012.
49. E.S. Epel, J. Lin, F.H. Wilhelm et al., ‘Cell aging in relation to stress arousal and cardiovascular disease risk factors’. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2006, 31(3):277. Also see, The Bogalusa Heart Study by J.P. Gardner, S. Li, S.R. Srinivasan et al., ‘Rise in insulin resistance is associated with escalated telomere attrition’. Circulation, 2005, 111:2171–77.
50. Quotes by Katie Bayne, Coca-Cola’s president of sparkling beverages in North America, were taken directly from the interview she gave with the Detroit Free Press and USA Today, published 8 June 2012.
51. Miller, Jake, ‘Weight and mortality: Researchers challenge results of obesity analysis’. Overweight and Obesity (Medical Xpress), 25 February 2013. Also, see P. De Wal et al., ‘Reviews on sugar-sweetened beverage and body weight: Determinants of their quality and conclusions’, presented at the European Congress on Obesity, Liverpool, May 2013.
52. Study conducted by researchers from Kaleida Health in Buffalo, New York. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, September 2012.
53. Study conducted by researchers at the VU University Amsterdam (the Netherlands), The New England Journal of Medicine, 2013. The studyused data from three previous studies: the Nurses’ Health Study, the Health Professionals Follow-up Study and the Women’s Genome Health Study.
54. Study by researchers at the University of Sydney covering over 2000 12-year-olds. Reported by The Australian Broadcasting Corporation and WebMD Health News on 4 April 2012.
55. Study conducted on 224 overweight adolescents at Children’s Hospital Boston, results released March 2013.
56. Z. Shi et al., ‘Association between soft drink consumption and asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among adults in Australia’. Respirology, 7 February 2012.
57. Study published online by The New England Journal of Medicine, October 2012. The study used results of over 33,000 American men and women.
58. See note 56.
59. Study by Eric J. Jacobs, PhD, Christina C. Newton, MSPH, Yiting Wang, PhD, Alpa V. Patel, PhD, Marjorie L. McCullough, ScD, Peter T. Campbell, PhD, Michael J. Thun, MD and Susan M. Gapstur, PhD. ‘Waist Circumference and All-Cause Mortality in a Large US Cohort’. The Archives of Internal Medicine, August 2010, 170(15):1293–1301.
60. ‘Comprehensive Assessment of the Long Term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy (CALERIE)’ study.

A plant-based wholefood diet + Regular Intelligent Fasting™ = a long healthy life

1. Study by Tasnime Akbaraly, PhD, et al., of INSERM in Montpellier, France, ‘Does overall diet in midlife predict future aging phenotypes? A cohort study’. American Heart Association, The American Journal of Medicine, May 2013, 126:411–19.
2. Study results by Haitham Ahmed and researchers at the Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease, from the multi-center Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). The American Journal of Epidemiology, 3 June 2013.
3. Study on more than 200,000 adults in the US aged 50 to 71 over a period of 11 years, conducted by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute at the National Institutes of Health. Released to the public on 18 November 2011.
4. From studies published in JAMA, Vol. 295, pp. 1539–48), US National Institute on Aging in Baltimore. Also, published works and comments from Nature Medicine, Auckland University’s Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology; and the Brain and Behaviour Research Group at Britain’s Open University.
5. Study in The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism, April 2010.
6. A 2011 study from the Medical College of Georgia, Augusta.
7. Study conducted by Harvard Medical School on some 40,000 American women, results released March 2013.
8. Study by Sun Ha Jee, carried out by Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Yonsei University in Seoul, Korea. The study followed almost 1.3 million Korean men and women, aged between 30 and 95 years, from 2001–11.
9. Study on almost 78,000 Swedish men and women carried out by Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden and Central Hospital in Västerås, Sweden. Results released April 2013.
10. The Iowa Women’s Health Study on 23,000 post-menopausal women, 2011.
11. Study published by the Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity at Yale University, with 4000 people responding to an online survey about obesity. Results released February 2012.
12. M. Winick et al., Childhood Obesity, Wiley, New York, 1975. Also, body weight is influenced by genes but your size is more influenced by diet and lifestyle, as shown on ‘The Great British Body: DNA testing’, reported by the NZ Herald, 16 November 2010.
13. Study by T. Gordon and W.B. Kannel. Geriatrics, 1973, 28:80.
14. Research from the five-year study of 300 children by Peninsula Medical School in the UK was presented to the European Congress on Obesity. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, July 2012.
15. A study by British scientists from Peninsula Medical School at the universities of Exeter and Plymouth. Reported by AAP, 14 July 2009.
16. Study by researchers from the University of Western Australia, and Perth’s Telethon Institute for Child Health Research. Diabetes Care, January 2009.
17. Study by Esther Zimmermann, PhD, of the Institute of Preventive Medicine in Copenhagen University.

Weight loss drugs and weight loss surgery

1. ‘Weight Loss/Obesity Management Market Global Forecasts to 2017’ Report, May 2013. Need to complete information about this report – who produced it?
2. This note has 12 references (from what I can tell) in it. Can you cut some out – okay to leave as is but it’s overwhelming in context with the other notes.

Study by Professor Sabine Rohrmann, Professor of Epidemiology, University of Zurich, and a multinational group of scientists, on 448,568 people in ten European countries as published in BioMed Central (BMC) Medicine, on 6 March 2013; Also ‘Vascular effects of a low-carbohydrate high-protein diet’, released by Harvard Medical School, 17 July 2009; Also W.C. Miller et al., Growth, 1984:48:415; Also J. Kaluza et al., ‘Red meat consumption and risk of stroke: a meta-analysis of prospective studies’, a 329,495 participant study as published in Stroke: Journal of the American Heart Association, in August 2012; Also A. Pan et al., ‘Red Meat Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: 3 Cohorts of U.S. Adults and an Updated Meta-Analysis’; Also ‘Meats, processed meats, obesity, weight gain and occurrence of diabetes among adults: findings from Adventist Health Studies’, Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2008:52(2):96–104 and 2010:56(3):232.

1. Study conducted by Brazilian and Canadian researchers and published in the BMJ, 2010.
2. Study by Dr M. Maggard-Gibbons M et al., ‘Bariatric surgery for weight loss and glycemic control in non-morbidly obese adults with diabetes: a systematic review’, JAMA, 5 June 2013, 309:2250–61. Also, a study by a team at the University of Colorado, Obesity, 2011.
3. Research from the University of California, San Diego, reported by the Daily Mail, 6 July 2010. Also see additional notes and references on our website, www.jasonshonbennett.com
4. A.P. Liou et al., ‘Conserved shifts in the gut microbiota due to gastric bypass reduce host weight and adiposity’, Science Translational Medicine, 2013:5:178ra41, 27 March 2013.
5. Study conducted at the Washington University School of Medicine in Missouri investigating the digestive tract of fat and thin people, May 2011. Authors, name of study?
6. M. Zupancic et al., ‘Analysis of the gut microbiota in the Old Order Amish and its relation to the metabolic syndrome’. PLoS One,2012, DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0043052, 15 August 2012.
7. Reported by the editors of Environmental Nutrition Newsletter, Premium Health News Service, 10 October 2012.
8. J. Zimmer, B. Lange et al., ‘A vegan or vegetarian diet substantially alters the human colonic faecal microbiota’. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2012, vol. 66, pp. 53–60, DOI:10.1038/ejcn.2011.141.
9. Study co-authored by biochemist and PhD student Jan-Hendrik Hehemann at the Station Biologique de Roscoff in France. Nature, April 2010.
10. Report published in BMC Nutrition, May 2012.
11. NZ Government statistics. Also see, National Cancer Registry (2008); and Colorectal Cancer Registrations by Year and DHB figures. By 2016 the number of new cases of bowel cancer diagnosed each year is projected to increase by 15% for men and 19% for women.
12. Study by Dr Evropi Theodoratou, of the University of Edinburgh’s School of Molecular, Genetic and Population Health Sciences. The European Journal of Cancer Prevention, 14 July 2013.
13. ‘Prospective Investigation of Body Mass Index, Colorectal Adenoma, and Colorectal Cancer in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial’, with data from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial, by Cari M. Kitahara, PhD, of the NIH in Rockville. The Journal of Clinical Oncology, May 2013.
14. Study released jointly by the World Cancer Research Fund, the American Institute for Cancer Research and the European Prospective Investigation of Cancer, covering more than 500,000 participants, July 2012.
15. A. Bellavia, S.C. Larsson, M. Bottai, A. Wolk and N. Orsini, ‘Fruit and vegetable consumption and all-cause mortality: a dose-response analysis’. A Swedish study published in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (online), 26 June 2013.
16. Study by a team of scientists from the US, Tanzania and the UK. PLoS ONE, 26 July 2012.
17. The 2012 IHME Report, 12 July 2013. Also see a study released 10 April 2012 by Brazil’s Health Ministry on up-to-date data from 2011 Health Ministry surveys of 54,144 people in the capitals of Brazil’s 27 states.
18. Report by the Canadian Medical Association Journal, March 2009.
19. Studies by the Physical Activity and Weight Management Research Centre at the University of Pittsburgh, and by Timothy Church, Director of the Laboratory of Preventive Medicine at the Pennington Biomedical Research Centre in Louisiana, February 2012.
20. A study by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine in Sleep (online), 1 May 2012. Reported by TODAY on 1 May 1 2012.

Eat less, eat better, move more, have a rhythm, live long

1. A 2009 National Institute on Aging Pew Research Center poll of 2969 American adults.
2. Study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences with research from the Preventive Medicine Research Institute in Sausalito, California, 17 June 2008.
3. J.P. Gardner, S. Li, S.R. Srinivasan et al., ‘Rise in insulin resistance is associated with escalated telomere attrition’. The Bogalusa Heart Study, Circulation, 2005, 111:2171–77.

1. Study by Andrew Dillin of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, Nature, June 2009. Also see news from The Scientist, 2003, 4(1):20030124-02 DOI:10.1186/20030124-02 Science, 299:572–574, 24 January 2003; and 2001, 2(1):20010831-02.
2. Kim Severson, Mind over Platter. Reported in the New York Times and reprinted in the Sydney Morning Herald, 13 November 2008.
3. ‘Food Reward in the absence of taste receptor signaling’. Neuron, DOI:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.01.032.
4. New Scientist, 2 September 2010.
5. ‘Brain Pathway Responsible For Obesity Found: Too Many Calories Send Brain Off Kilter’. Cell, 2 October 2008. Also see, ‘How Fatty Foods Curb Hunger’, University of California, ScienceDaily, 7 October 2008.
6. ‘The Secrets of Long Life,’ based on worldwide research by Dan Buettner. National Geographic Magazine, May 2012.
7. University of Illinois study. Obesity, 2011.
8. Study by Duk-Hee Lee and an international team of colleagues at the Kyungpook National University in Daegu in South Korea, on 1099 Americans. International Journal of Obesity, September 2010.

Why fast?

1. Study by Markus Stoffel, Professor at the Institute of Molecular Systems Biology at ETH Zurich. Nature, December 2009.
2. Study by Greek cardiologists from the Athens University School of Medicine, conducted June–October 2009 on over 1400 of Ikaria’s 8000 residents, divided into elderly and middle-aged groups and assessing lifestyle, diet, clinical and other factors. Published in July 2011.

Fasting, the liver, and your skin

1. Study and quotes from Dr Chhabra and Dr John Helzberg, presentation at the 2013 American Gastroenterological Association annual meeting. Reported by Health24.com, 25 June 2013.
2. Dr Paul Trembling and Professor William Rosenberg, UCL Institute of Liver and Digestive Health, ‘Influence of BMI and alcohol on liver-related morbidity and mortality in a cohort of 108,000 women from the general population from UKCTOCS; Abstract 115’. Presented at the 2013 International Liver Congress, The Netherlands, 25 April 2013..
3. Study by J.S. Allard, L.K. Heilbronn, C. Smith et al., the Kronos Longevity Research Institute. PLoS ONE, 2008, 3(9):e3211.
4. Research by Amy Walker, PhD, the MGH Cancer Center, and investigators at Massachusetts General Hospital. Genes & Development, 2010.

Fasting and weight loss

1. Study by H. Norrelund et al., ‘The protein-retaining effects of growth hormone during fasting involve inhibition of muscle-protein breakdown’. Diabetes, January 2001, Vol. 50:1, pp. 96–104. Also, H. Norrelund, ‘The metabolic role of growth hormone in humans with particular reference to fasting.’ Growth Hormone & IGF Research, 15(2):95–122, April 2005; and a study conducted by Benjamin D. Horne, PhD, MPH, Director of Cardiovascular and Genetic Epidemiology at the Intermountain Medical Center Heart Institute, Salt Lake City, and colleagues in the Intermountain Medical Center Heart Institute research team. Presented at the annual scientific sessions of the American College of Cardiology, New Orleans, 2011.
2. Study by Krista A. Varady, Surabhi Bhutani, Emily C. Church and Monica C. Klempel, supported by the Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, and by departmental funding from the University of Illinois at Chicago. Registered at clinicaltrials.gov as UIC-004-2009, 12 July 2009.
3. Study by Matthew D. Bruss, Cyrus F. Khambatta, Ishita Aggarwal and Marc K. Hellerstein, Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, and Maxwell A. Ruby from Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California. Published 2 November 2009.
4. Human Nutrition Unit at the University of Aberdeen Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health scientists, ‘Metabolomics of prolonged fasting in humans reveals new catabolic markers’. Metabolomics, DOI: 10.1007/s11306-010-0255-2.
5. J. Gjedsted et al., ‘Effects of a 3-day fast on regional lipid and glucose metabolism in human skeletal muscle and adipose tissue’. Acta Physiologica, Vol. 191:3 pp. 205–16.
6. Study by M.N. Harvie, M. Pegington, M.P. Mattson, J. Frystyk, B. Dillon, G. Evans, J. Cuzick, S.A. Jebb, B. Martin, R.G. Cutler, T.G. Son, S. Maudsley, O.D. Carlson, J.M. Egan, A. Flyvbjerg and A. Howell from the Genesis Prevention Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK. International Journal of Obesity (advance online version), 5 October 2010. Also see, a randomised, controlled trial with 81 adults with metabolic syndrome, presented at the Experimental Biology Meeting, April 2009.
7. Study by C. O’Neil et al., ‘A Review of the Relationship Between 100% Fruit Juice Consumption and Weight in Children and Adolescents’. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 2008, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 315–54. Also see, T. Nicklas, C. O’Neil and R. Kleinman, ‘Association Between 100% Juice Consumption and Nutrient Intake and Weight of Children Aged 2 to 11 Years’. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 2008, 162(6), pp.557–65. T.A. Nicklas, C.E. O’Neil, and R. Kleinman, ‘The Relationship Among 100% Juice Consumption, Nutrient Intake, and Weight of Adolescents 12 to 18 Years’. Presented at annual scientific meeting of The North American Association for the Study of Obesity, New Orleans, Louisiana, October 2007. Also Abstract No. 538-P, containing data collected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination survey between 1999 and 2004.
8. Study by U. Leuven, Tervuursevest, K. Van Proeyen, K. Szlufcik, H. Nielens, M. Ramaekers, and P. Hespel. The Research Centre for Exercise and Health, FaBeR-K, the Journal of Applied Physiology, January 2011, 110(1):236–45.
9. D.T. Kirkendall, J.B. Leiper, Z. Bartagi, J. Dvorak and Y. Zerguini, ‘The influence of Ramadan fasting on physical performance measures in young Muslim footballers’ at the FIFA Medical Assessment and Research Centre, Schulthess Clinic, Zurich, Switzerland. The Journal of Sports Science, 26 December 2008, Suppl.3:S15–27.
10. K. De Bock, W. Derave, B.O. Eijnde, M.K. Hesselink, E. Koninckx, A.J. Rose, P. Schrauwen, A. Bonenand E.A. Richter, ‘Effect of training in the fasted state on metabolic responses during exercise with carbohydrate intake’. The Journal of Applied Physiology, April 2008. Also see the Journal of Applied Physiology, June 2009, 106(6):1757–58.

The science of fasting

1. A Norwegian study by Jens Kjeldsen-Kragh et al, 2006.
2. Study published in Science, May/June 2008 from research at the Harvard Medical School. Reuters.
3. Study published in Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 2007.
4. Study lead by Dr James Johnson, at Louisiana State University, 2010. Reported on 13 February 2010.
5. Dr Max Gerson. A Cancer Therapy — Fifty Case Histories. Whittier Beeks, NYC. Distributed by Cancer Book House, 2043 N. Berendo Street, Los Angeles, California.
6. Study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, using data from a study done by the University of Southern California, April 2008. Also see, ‘Fasting Cycles Retard Growth of Tumors and Sensitize a Range of Cancer Cell’. Science Translational Medicine Rapid Publication, 8 February 2012, DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003293.
7. Study published in Science Translational Medicine, 8 February 2012, reported 10 February 2012 reported by whom?. Also see J.S. Allard, L.K. Helibronn, C. Smith et al., ‘In vitro cellular adaptations of indicators of longevity in response to treatment with serum collected from humans on calorie restricted diets.’
8. Fernando M. Safdie, Tanya Dorff, David Quinn, Luigi Fontana, Min Wei, Changhan Lee, Pinchas Cohen, and Valter D. Longo, ‘Fasting and cancer treatment in humans: A case series report’. Aging, Vol. 1, No. 12, 31 December 2009. Also see, Changhan Lee, Fernando M. Safdie, Lizzia Raffaghello, Min Wei, Federica Madia, Edoardo Parrella, David Hwang, Pinchas Cohen, Giovanna Bianchi, and Valter D. Longo, ‘Reduced Levels of IGF-I Mediate Differential Protection of Normal and Cancer Cells in Response to Fasting and Improve Chemotherapeutic Index’. Cancer Research, Vol. 70, No. 4, 15 February 2010.
9. Study published in Cancer Research, January 2010. Also see, ‘Fasting Cycles Retard Growth of Tumors and Sensitize a Range of Cancer Cell’. Science Translational Medicine Rapid Publication, DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003293, 8 February 2012.
10. N. Halberg et al., ‘Effect of intermittent fasting and refeeding on insulin action in healthy men’. Journal of Applied Physiology, 99:2128–36, 2005. Also see; study in Nature, 8 April 2012. Also, L. Heilbronn, S.R. Smith and E. Ravussin, ‘Failure of fat cell proliferation, mitochondrial function and fat oxidation results in ectopic fat storage, insulin resistance and type II diabetes mellitus’. International Journal of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders, 2004, 28(suppl):S12–21. Also, new research presented on 3–5 April 2011 at the Annual Sientific Sessions of the American College of Cardiology in New Orleans, by Benjamin D. Horne, PhD, MPH, Director of Cardiovascular and Genetic Epidemiology at the Intermountain Medical Center Heart Institute in Salt Lake City. Also, L.K. Heilbronn, A.E. Civitarese, I. Bogacka, S.R. Smith, M. Hulver and E. Ravussin, ‘Glucose tolerance and skeletal muscle gene expression in response to alternate day fasting’. Obesity Research, 2005, 13:574–81. Also, a study that found a striking preventative association between fasting and heart disease among 448 patients, American Journal of Cardiology, 2008. Also, L.K. Heilbronn, S.R. Smith, C.K. Martin, S.D. Anton and E. Ravussin, ‘Alternate-day fasting in non-obese subjects: effects on body weight, body composition, and energy metabolism’. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2005, 81:69–73. Also, ‘Routine periodic fasting found to be good for heart health’. Presented by Intermountain Medical Center scientists at the American College of Cardiology in New Orleans, April 2011.
11. Study by American researchers looking at nationwide health data from 1999–2004. The study found juice drinkers were generally leaner and they had better insulin sensitivity, which reduced the risk of stroke, heart disease and diabetes. Reported by Fairfax, April 2009.
12. Study by the University of California at Davis, presented at the annual conference of the American Dietetic Association, November 2008, Chicago. Also see, a Vanderbilt University research team study published in the American Journal of Medicine, date?. Also, study in Biomedical Environmental Science, February 2008. Also, study by Latvian scientists, Planta Medica, 2008.
13. D. Hay, Cardiovascular Disease in New Zealand. 2004. A Summary of Recent Statistical Information. 2004. Also see, Key Results of the 2006/07 New Zealand Health Survey. The National Heart Foundation of New Zealand, Ministry of Health, 2008.
14. The 12-year study by doctors affiliated with TrueNorth Health Education Center and completed in conjunction with Cornell University. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, vol. 24, no. 5, June 2001. Also see, study published in the Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, October 2002. Also see, study by Dr Benjamin D. Horne, Intermountain Medical Center in Salt Lake City. Presented at the American Heart Association’s Scientific Sessions, Florida, November 2007.
15. Amrita Ahluwalia, PhD et al., Queen Mary University of London, ‘Enhanced vasodilator activity of nitrite in hypertension: critical role for erythrocytic xanthine oxidoreductasse and translational potential’. Funded by the British Heart Foundation. Hypertension: Journal of the American Heart Association, 2013. Reported by MedPage Today, 15 April 2013.
16. Study presented by researchers from Intermountain Medical Center and the University of Utah at a conference of the American Heart Association, July 2008.
17. Benjamin D. Horne, PhD, MPH, Jeffrey L. Anderson, MD, John F. Carlquist, PhD, J. Brent Muhlestein, MD, Donald L. Lappé, MD, Heidi T. May, PhD, MSPH, Boudi Kfoury, MD, Oxana Galenko, PhD, Amy R. Butler, Dylan P. Nelson, Kimberly D. Brunisholz, Tami L. Bair, and Samin Panahi, ‘Routine periodic fasting found to be good for heart health’. Reported by media 3–5 April 2011; presented at the annual 2011 Scientific Sessions of the American College of Cardiology, reported in DiabetesHealth.com, 6 May 2011.
18. Trial study carried out by Dr Krista Varady, the University of California and the University of Illinois, Chicago, on the long-term effects of fasting. Also see, a 2013 study by Chief Interventional Cardiologist Dr Omar Hallak at the American Hospital Dubai. Reported by pakistantoday.com, 8 July 2013.
19. Kelly Décorde, P.-L. Teissèdre, C. Auger, J.-P. Cristol, J.-M. Rouanet, the University of Montpellier 1 and 2, and the Victor Ségalen University in Bordeaux 2,‘Phenolics from purple grape, apple, purple grape juice and apple juice prevent early atherosclerosis induced by an atherogenic diet in hamsters’. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 2008, DOI:10.1002/mnfr.200700141, vol. 52, pp. 400–407.
20. Andrew J. Webb, N. Patel, S. Loukogeorgakis, M. Okorie, Z. Aboud, S. Misra, R. Rashid, P. Miall, J. Deanfield, N. Benjamin, R. MacAllister, A.J. Hobbs, and A. Ahluwalia, ‘Acute blood pressure lowering, vasoprotective and anti-platelet properties of dietary nitrate via bioconversion to nitrite’. Also see, the editorial in the Journal of the American Heart Association: Hypertension, 4 February 2008. Also, D.A. Wink and N. Paolocci, ‘Mother Was Right: Eat Your Vegetables and Do Not Spit! When Oral Nitrate Helps With High Blood Pressure’. Journal of the American Heart Association: Hypertension, February 2008.
21. A.A. Haghdoost and M. Poorranjbar, Physiology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Jomhoori Islamic Boulevard, Kerman 7618747653, Iran, Singapore Medical Journal, 50(9):897–901, September 2009.
22. S. Bhutani, M.C. Klempel, R.A. Berger, K.A. Varady KA, Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA. Obesity (Silver Spring), 18(11):2152–920, 10 November Epub, 18 March 2010.
23. Study published in Nutrition Journal, December 2012. Also see, a study published in the British Journal of Nutrition, March 2012. The study showed that beetroot juice was able to reduce blood pressure in a group of 18 men in as little as three hours. Reported by Learning from New and AFP Relax News, 18 December 2012; Nutrition Journal; Also see, Amrita Ahluwalia, PhD et al., Queen Mary University of London, ‘Enhanced vasodilator activity of nitrite in hypertension: critical role for erythrocytic xanthine oxidoreductasse and translational potential’. Funded by the British Heart Foundation. Hypertension: Journal of the American Heart Association, 2013. Reported by MedPage Today, 15 April 2013.

1. ‘Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study’. The Lancet, 2004, 364:937–952. Also, A. Rosengren, S. Hawken, S. Ounpuu et al., for the INTERHEART investigators, ‘Association of psychosocial risk factors with risk of acute myocardial infarction in 11 119 cases and 13 648 controls from 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study’. The Lancet, 2004, 364:953–962. Also see, M. Ezzati, ‘How can cross-country research on health risks strengthen interventions? Lessons from INTERHEART’. The Lancet, 2004, 364:912–914. Also, studies by S. Yusuf, S. Hawken, S. Ounpuu, on behalf of the INTERHEART Study Investigators, INTERHEART: A Global Case-Control Study of Risk Factors for Acute Myocardial Infarction. This major Canadian-led global study was a standardized case-control study at 262 participating centers in 52 countries throughout Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, the Middle East, and North and South America.
2. Study published by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 3 April 2011.
3. New Scientist, November 2012.
4. The study, published in Nutrition Research, by the University College Cork. Date?
5. Study by researchers at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. The research was supported by a NIH Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award, the American Diabetes Association and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Science, 2009; reported in ScienceDaily, 28 August 2009.
6. www.news-medical, 21 July 2008.

Preparation for fasting

1. Study carried out at the School of Psychology, Hertfordshire University. Appetite, May 2008.
2. Food cravings and stress study carried out by scientists at the University of California.
3. Ivan Araujo, Albino Oliviera-Maia, Tatyana Sotnikova, Raul Gainetdinov, Marc Caron, Miguel Nicolelis, Sidney Simon with research from Duke University Medical Center in Durham, North Carolina, ‘Food Reward in the absence of taste receptor signalling’. Neuron, DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.01.032.

Jason wishes to deeply thank, acknowledge and recognise the effort and contribution that the PIF Foundation has provided on a voluntary basis since 2014, as we educated, motivated and inspired change that helps transform the health, vitality and longevity of people all over the world.