Alcohol causes 4% of all global cancer deaths. The first update of alcohol-linked cancer deaths in 30 years shows that alcohol causes more than double skin cancer deaths, causes 55 cancer deaths daily in the US (20,000 per year), drinking just 1.5 drinks per day (or less) accounts for 30% of all alcohol-attributable cancer deaths, that breast cancer is the most common cancer from alcohol and that 15% of all breast cancer deaths are directly from alcohol. Alcohol significantly raises your risk of mouth, throat, esophagus, liver colon, rectum and breast cancer. Study by Timothy Naimi, MD, MPH, associate professor from the Department of Medicine at Boston University School of Medicine (BUSM), Dr. David Nelson, director of the Cancer Prevention Fellowship Program at the U.S. National Cancer Institute, and colleagues from Boston University School of Public Health (BUSPH), the National Cancer Institute, the Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute and the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health.

The U.S., Canadian and French data used recent studies on alcohol consumption and cancer mortality from the 2009 Alcohol Epidemiologic Data System, the 2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and the 2009-2010 National Alcohol Survey.

Alcohol at a younger age leads to heavier drinking later on. The younger you start drinking or get a taste for it, the more likely you are to have drinking problems when older. Study published in The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 2012.

NZ schoolgirls binge drinking QUADRUPLED in 6 years. Study released at an alcohol harm conference in Auckland on Tuesday 13 November, 2012.  The percentage of young women aged 16 and 17 binge-drinking on a typical night out tripled from 9% in 1995 to 28% in 2011.

The number of Australians requiring treatment for alcohol abuse has significantly increased in the past decade. In 2010/2011, more than 150,000 alcohol and other drug treatment episodes were recorded across the country – almost 5,000 more than the previous year. Study released by the Federal Government; Australian Institute of Health and Welfare Health Report on Alcohol, as reported by Fraser Coast Chronicle on 19th November, 2012.

Alcohol kills 49,000 French people each year (134 each day).  Catherine Hill, Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Institue Gustave Roussy, Paris says “Alcohol is responsible for 25% of 15-34 age deaths. The causes of death attributable to alcohol are above all cancers and all heart diseases”. Over 7 MILLION PEOPLE have drinking problems in France; 13% of all males deaths are due to alcohol (vs barely 1% in Denmark); 40% of these alcohol deaths are people under 65. The remaining deaths are from cirrhosis, accidents, suicides and mental illnesses. Study by the Service for Biostatistics and Epidemiology at the Institue Gustave Roussy, near Paris as published by the European Journal of Public Health on March 3, 2013.

Schütze, M., et al., ‘Alcohol attributable burden of incidence of cancer in eight European countries based on results from prospective cohort study.’ British Medical Journal, 7 April 2011, 342:d1584. PMID: 21474525.

Study by researcher Dr Iain Lang, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, UK, and a group of US researchers, on 5075 adults. Presented to the Alzheimer’s Association International Conference annual meeting in Vancouver, Canada, 18 July 2012.

Breslow, N.E., Enstrom, J.E., ‘Geographic correlations between cancer mortality rates and alcohol-tobacco consumption in the United States.’ Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1974; 53:631–9.

Duell, E.J., et al., ‘Polymorphisms in the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH1) gene cluster, alcohol consumption, and interactions in relation to gastric cancer risk in the EPIC cohort.’ American Association for Cancer Research, 2011, Abstract 3748.

Veronica Wendy Setiawan, Kristine R. Monroe, Marc Goodman, Laurence Kolonel, Malcolm C. Pike and Brian E. Henderson, ‘Alcohol consumption and endometrial cancer risk: The multiethnic cohort.’ International Journal of Cancer, 2011.

Study from ‘87 countries with high quality cancer incidence rate data as well as all 157 countries with cancer incidence rate data for various types of cancer as compared statistically with indices for various risk modifying factors.’ Nutrients, December 2013.

WHO International Agency for Research in Cancer, ‘Monograph on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans.’

Bloomfield, K., et al., ‘Gender, Culture and Alcohol Problems: a Multi-national Study.’ Alcohol Supplemental, 2006, 41(1):i26-i36.

Schutze, M., Boeing, H., Pischon, T., et al., ‘Alcohol attributable burden of incidence of cancer in eight European countries based on results from prospective cohort study.’ British Medical Journal, 2011, 342:d1584.

Death rates are OVER FOUR TIMES HIGHER in alcohol-dependent women. Study published online in the journal Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, October 16, 2012.

Alcohol is killing more women, more horribly and at a younger age. Professor Ian Gilmore, chair of the UK Alcohol Health Alliance, as data released for England and Wales from a Freedom of Information request to the Office for National Statistics.

Women drinking 25 grams of alcohol per day = liver cancer risk DOUBLES. From a 2006 review paper in the Lancet.  Meta Study: http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh25-4/263-270.htm  Review Paper of Possible Mechanisms www.omniameeting.com/filereviews/Cortese%20Review.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7895211 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1646951/ Full article: http://www.science20.com/chemical_education/alcoholcancer_connection-95644

Alcohol is killing almost 10% of the Canadian population. Over 80% of Canadians drink alcohol. Canadians drink more than 50% above the global average. Alcohol is the third biggest cause of death in Canada. Alcohol kills 8% of people under 70. Strategies to Reduce Alcohol-Related Harms and Costs in Canada: A Comparison of Provincial Policies, was published Wednesday March 6, 2013 by the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health.

Low level or ‘moderate drinking’ of alcohol still drives breast cancer growth. There are 50,000 alcohol-attributable cases of breast cancer worldwide every year. Over 10% of breast cancers in Italy, France, the UK, Australia and New Zealand are due to alcohol. The study was a massive epidemiological review of 133 studies on alcohol intake and breast cancer by Helmut K. Seitz, PhD, from the Centre of Alcohol Research at the University of Heidelberg in Germany. The researchers looked at decades-long data covering 44,552 breast cancer cases in non-drinkers and 77,539 breast cancer cases in light drinkers. The authors said “A significant increase in the risk of breast cancer is already present at intakes of up to one alcoholic drink per day.  Women should not exceed one drink of alcohol a day.  For women at elevated risk for breast cancer, you should avoid alcohol”.

Advanced breast cancer nearly doubled in young women from 1976-2009. Study by Johnson RH, et al as “Incidence of breast cancer with distant involvement among women in the United States, 1976 to 2009” as published in the Journal of the American Medical Association JAMA 2013; 309: 800-805. This data was from the National Cancer Institute and from the U.S. Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER), and published on Wednesday February 27, 2013.

Breast cancer among young women increasing more than genetics or population growth allows for. Study by Johnson RH, et al as “Incidence of breast cancer with distant involvement among women in the United States, 1976 to 2009” as published in the Journal of the American Medical Association JAMA 2013; 309: 800-805.

Most breast cancer is not genetic. In a 2011 published Journal of Clinical Oncology study covering 3,047 families from the Breast Cancer Family Registry, women with BRCA genes in their families were at NO HIGHER BREAST CANCER RISK than average women.

BreastScreen 2013 survey in Victoria, Australia, found family history plays no role in breast cancer in three out of four women. As reported by the Sunday Herald Sun on February 16, 2013.

“Most breast cancers occur in people with no family history, so lifestyle and behavior factors must play a major role in the etiology of the disease” says The Interagency Breast Cancer and Environmental Research Coordinating Committee, Tuesday February 12, 2013. Breast Cancer and the Environment: A Life Course Approach as produced by the Institute of Medicine.

Alcohol raises heart problems. Study paper published on August 1, 2012 in the American Journal of Cardiology.  Senior author Gregory Marcus, MD, assistant professor of medicine at the UCSF Division of Cardiology, said “There may be some beneficial effects of alcohol, but it’s important to look at actual heart outcomes, like stroke and death.  Keep in mind that we used to think estrogen was good for our heart based on observational studies, and now we know that’s not exactly true”.  As reported by timesofindia.com on June 2, 2012.

Over 20% of young people now have hypertension. Study published in Epidemiology by Nguyen Q, et al “Discordance in national estimates of hypertension among young adults” Epidemiology 2011; 22: 532-541.

Alcohol tied to hypertension in teenagers. Study by Le-Ha C, et al “Oral contraceptive use in girls and alcohol consumption in boys are associated with increased blood pressure in late adolescence” as published by the European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 2012.  As reported by MedPage Today on July 12, 2012.

Awareness Around Alcohol (AAA) Additional References:

1. The 2010 Global Burden of Disease Study, The Lancet, and the ‘2010 Heart and Stroke Statistics’ report published by the American Heart Association and the WHO. Also see, study meta-analysis by Melanie Nichols and colleagues, of the BHF Health Promotion Research Group, Department of Public Health, Oxford University. British Medical Journal, 2012. Also, study by Jeanine M. Genkinger. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 2009.
2. Study by Dr Jennifer Mitchell, University of California, San Francisco, using positron emission tomography (PET). Science Translational Medicine, 2012.
3. Professor David Nutt, Chairman of the Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs. The Lancet, 2010.
4. Hingson, R., and Rehm, J., ‘Measuring the burden: Alcohol’s evolving impact.’ Alcohol Research: Current Reviews, 2013, 35(2):122–127.
5. The 2010 Global Burden of Disease Study, British Medical Journal, The Lancet, and the 2010 Heart and Stroke Statistics report. Published by the American Heart Association and WHO.
6. Kerr, W.C., Greenfield, T.K., and Tujague, J., ‘Estimates of the mean alcohol concentration of the spirits, wine, and beer sold in the US and per capita consumption: 1950–2002.’ Alcohol: Clinical Experimental Research, 2006, 30(9):1583–1591.
7. The Dominion Post, 19 February 2011. Also see, NZ Herald and Observer, 16 April 2011.
8. Study by the WHO, ‘Global health risks: Mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks.’ 2013.
9. Cherpitel, C.J., ‘Focus on: The burden of alcohol use — trauma and emergency outcomes.’ Alcohol Research: Current Reviews, 2013, 35(2):150–154. Also see, Borges, G., Cherpitel, C.J., Orozco, R., et al., ‘Multicentre study of acute alcohol use and non-fatal injuries: Data from the WHO collaborative study on alcohol and injuries.’ Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2006, 84(6):453–460. Also, Cherpitel, C.J., Ye, Y., and Bond, J., ‘Alcohol and injury: Multi-level analysis from the Emergency Room Collaborative Alcohol Analysis Project (ERCAAP).’ Alcohol and Alcoholism, 2004, 39(6):552–558. PMID: 15351747.
10. Reported by chinadaily.com, 9 July 2012.
11. Chartier, K.G., Vaeth, P.A.C., and Caetano, R., ‘Focus on: Ethnicity and the social and health harms from drinking.’ Alcohol Research: Current Reviews, 2013, 35(2):229–237. Also see, ibid.
12. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 15 August 2013.
13. Sydney Morning Herald and AAP, 14 September 2011.
14. The 2010 Roy Morgan survey report into alcohol consumption, conducted for the Salvation Army.
15. Survey report on 1006 Australians as carried out by the charity FebFast, December 2009. Reported by AAP, 1 February 2010.
16. The Federal Government, ‘Australian Institute of Health and Welfare Health Report on Alcohol.’ Fraser Coast Chronicle, 19 November 2012.
17. Study by Rehm, J., and Shield, K., ‘Alcohol and mortality: Global alcohol-attributable deaths from cancer, liver cirrhosis, and injury in 2010.’ Alcohol Research: Current Reviews, 2013, 35(2):174–183.
18. Study by Flynn, A., and Wells, S., ‘Community indicators: Assessing the impact of alcohol use on communities.’ Alcohol Research: Current Reviews, 2013, 35(2):135–149. Also see, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report, ‘Alcohol-related disease impact’. 2014.
19. Study by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012. Published in a research letter, Archives of Internal Medicine, 2012.
20. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Strategies to Reduce Alcohol–Related Harms and Costs in Canada: A Comparison of Provincial Policies. 6 March 2013.
21. The UK All-Party Parliamentary Group on Alcohol Misuse, 11 August 2014. Also see, No Quick Fix study and the Centre for Social Justice review, 1 September 2013. Also see, study by Professor Martin Plant, conducted by the Core Cities Health Improvement Collaborative, Alcohol & Health Research Unit, University of the West of England, 19 October 2009.
22. Independent Irish News, 30 May 2013; The Irish Examiner 15 May 2014.
23. Study by the Service for Biostatistics and Epidemiology at the Institue Gustave Roussy, near Paris. European Journal of Public Health, 3 March 2013.
24. Dr Geoff Robinson, Capital and Coast District Health Board’s Chief Medical Officer. The Dominion Post, 30 June 2010.
25. The Royal New Zealand College of General Practitioners, 2010 survey. The Press, 1 October 2010.
26. The Press, 15 May 2010.
27. New Zealand Coroner’s Office, 2010.
28. NZ Medical Journal, 2011. Reported by the NZ Herald, 10 June 2011.
29. Researchers at the University of Washington. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, October 2010.
30. Headstrong (The National Centre for Youth Mental Health and the UCD School of Psychology), ‘My World Survey.’ This was the first comprehensive national study of Irish youth mental health by, covering 14,306 people aged 12–25 years. 16 May 2012.
31. Comments and quotes taken from the Alcohol Advisory Council’s 2010 annual conference. NZ Herald, 8 May 2010.
32. The Otago Daily Times, 19 July 2013.
33. Turning Point Alcohol and Drug Centre, ‘The 2014 VicHealth and Foundation for Alcohol Research and Education.’ Reported by news.com.au on 31 july 2014.
34. Australian Government, ‘Alcohol beverage advertising in mainstream Australian media 2005 to 2007: Expenditure and Exposure.’ Report undertaken by the Victorian Department of Human Services for the Monitoring of Alcohol Advertising Committee.
35. Press Association in The Guardian, 5 February 2012.
36. Kathy Chapman and colleagues, survey of 2482 people. International Journal of Drug Policy, October 2014.
37. Gonzales, J.F., et al., ‘Applying the precautionary principle to nutrition and cancer.’ Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2014, DOI:10.1080/07315724.2013.866527. World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research report, ‘Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective.’ Melanie Nichols, British Heart Foundation Health Promotion Research Group, Department of Public Health, Oxford University, and colleagues, study meta-analysis. British Medical Journal, 2012.
38. Research, done for the Acquired Brain Injury Assessment and Consulting group by Roy Morgan in 2007. AAP and Sydney Morning Herald, August 2007.
39. Study by Dr Michele Meltzer, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, and colleagues, Thomas Jefferson Hospital, Philadelphia.
40. Barzel, U.S., ed., Osteoporosis II. New York, NY: Grune & Stratton, 1978.
41. Study by Dr Elaine Chong, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, on almost 7000 people. Presented at an ophthalmology conference in Melbourne, 26 November 2008.
42. Schütze, M., et al., ‘Alcohol attributable burden of incidence of cancer in eight European countries based on results from prospective cohort study.’ British Medical Journal, 7 April 2011, 342:d1584. PMID: 21474525.
43. Study by researcher Dr Iain Lang, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, UK, and a group of US researchers, on 5075 adults. Presented to the Alzheimer’s Association International Conference annual meeting in Vancouver, Canada, 18 July 2012.
44. Press Association in The Guardian, 5 February 2012.
45. Study covered data from 25 studies from around the world. Published by Chinese and American researchers, August 2014.
46. The George Institute, University of Sydney, Australia, June 2009.
47. Press Association in The Guardian, 5 February 2012.
48. Breslow, N.E., Enstrom, J.E., ‘Geographic correlations between cancer mortality rates and alcohol-tobacco consumption in the United States.’ Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1974; 53:631–9.
49. Cancer Research UK. The Times, 11 August 2009.
50. Duell, E.J., et al., ‘Polymorphisms in the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH1) gene cluster, alcohol consumption, and interactions in relation to gastric cancer risk in the EPIC cohort.’ American Association for Cancer Research, 2011, Abstract 3748.
51. Jeanine M. Genkinger, Assistant Professor of Oncology, study meta-analysis of 14 studies. Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention.
52. Veronica Wendy Setiawan, Kristine R. Monroe, Marc Goodman, Laurence Kolonel, Malcolm C. Pike and Brian E. Henderson, ‘Alcohol consumption and endometrial cancer risk: The multiethnic cohort.’ International Journal of Cancer, 2011.
53. Independent Irish News, 30 May 2013.
54. Dr Eva Negri, an analysis of 16 melanoma studies involving more than 6200 patients. British Journal of Dermatology, 2013.
55. University of Milan, study on over 150,000 people in more than 200 research projects. Annals of Oncology, 2012.
56. Study from ‘87 countries with high quality cancer incidence rate data as well as all 157 countries with cancer incidence rate data for various types of cancer as compared statistically with indices for various risk modifying factors.’ Nutrients, December 2013. Also, WHO International Agency for Research in Cancer, ‘Monograph on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans.’ Also, Bloomfield, K., et al., ‘Gender, Culture and Alcohol Problems: a Multi-national Study.’ Alcohol Supplemental, 2006, 41(1):i26-i36. Also, Schutze, M., Boeing, H., Pischon, T., et al., ‘Alcohol attributable burden of incidence of cancer in eight European countries based on results from prospective cohort study.’ British Medical Journal, 2011, 342:d1584.
57. Study and quotes from Dr Rajiv Chhabra and Dr John Helzberg, as presented at the 2013 American Gastroenterological Association annual meeting. Reported by Health24.com, 25 June 2013.
58. Study by Hookana, E. Analysis of data from autopsies of almost 2700 people in Finland who died of sudden cardiac death. HeartRhythm, 3 October 2011, 8:1570–1575. Reported by HealthDay, 4 October 2011, and by Cardiology Today, 22 December 2011.
59. Study by Inger Ariansen, Oslo University Hospital, over five years duration on 8830 men and women in Britain, Scandinavia and the US. Presented at the 2009 European Society of Cardiology congress, Barcelona.
60. Semba, R.D., et al., ‘Resveratrol levels and all-cause mortality in older community-dwelling adults.’ JAMA Internal Medicine, 2014, DOI:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.1582.
61. Michael V. Holmes, et al., ‘Association between alcohol and cardiovascular disease: Mendelian randomisation analysis based on individual participant.’ British Medical Journal, 11 July 2014.
62. Vatsalya Vatsalya, Reza Momenan, Daniel W. Hommer and Vijay A. Ramchandani, ‘Cardiac Reactivity During the Ascending Phase of Acute Intravenous Alcohol Exposure and Association with Subjective Perceptions of Intoxication in Social Drinkers.’ National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, May 2014, Vol. 38, Issue 5, pp. 1247–1254.
63. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, study from death-certificate and alcohol-consumption data from 11 states: California, Florida, Michigan, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Carolina, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, Virginia and Wisconsin. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report,
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64. Study reported by Dr Arefa Cassoobhoy, MD, MPH. WebMD Health News, 29 August 2014.
65. Turning Point Alcohol and Drug Centre, The 2014 VicHealth and Foundation for Alcohol Research and Education Report. Reported by news.com.au, 31 July 2014.
66. Bonnie Spring, Professor of Preventive Medicine, ‘Healthy Lifestyle Change and Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Young Adults.’ Study on over 5000 participants in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) research, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University. Circulation, 30 June 2014.
67. Åkesson, A., et al., ‘Low-risk diet and lifestyle habits in the primary prevention of myocardial infarction in Men.’ Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2014, DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.06.1190. Also see, Mozaffarian, D., ‘The promise of lifestyle for cardiovascular health.’ Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2014, DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.06.1191. Also, Yan, Liang, MD, et al., ‘Alcohol consumption and the risk of incident atrial fibrillation among people with cardiovascular disease.’ McMaster University’s Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 2012, DOI:10.1503/cmaj.120412.
68. Study review paper released by The Alcohol Policy Coalition, made up of the Heart Foundation and Australia’s leading health groups, 19 September 2011.
69. Journal of the American Association of Medicine, 2011.
70. Beilin, et al., ‘Alcohol & Hypertension — Kill or Cure?’ Journal of Human Hypertension, 1996, Suppl. 2:S1-5.
71. Leuenberger, et al., ‘High Blood Pressure and Alcohol Consumption.’ Revue Medicale Suisse, 2006, 2(78):2041–1, 2044–6.
72. Study by Gregory Marcus, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, and colleagues, Division of Cardiology, University of California. American Journal of Cardiology, 1 August 2012.
73. Goslawski, M., et al., ‘Binge drinking impairs vascular function in young adults.’ Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2013, DOI:doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.03.049.
74. Study by Elizabeth Mostofsky, Harvard School of Public Health. Stroke: Journal of the American Heart Association, 2010.
75. Study by researchers at the University of Eastern Finland on 2609 men over 20 years. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 8 March 2014.
76. Casolla, B., et al., ‘Heavy alcohol intake and intracerebral hemorrhage. Characteristics and effect on outcome.’ Neurology, 11 September 2012, 79:1109–1115.
77. Study meta-analysis by Susanna C. Larsson, PhD, ‘A-fib risk up with oral, intravenous bisphosphonates.’ The Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 14 July 2014.
78. Study by researchers at Stanford’s School of Medicine. Science Translational Medicine, September 2014.
79. Study by The University of Sheffield. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 2012.
80. Professor Ian Gilmore, one of the UK’s leading authorities on liver disease, and president of the British Society of Gastroenterology. Reported by Alcohol Concern, from a conference in London, November 2013.
81. Dr Paul Trembling and Professor William Rosenberg, UCL Institute of Liver and Digestive Health, ‘Influence of BMI and alcohol on liver-related morbidity and mortality in a cohort of 108,000 women from the general population from UKCTOCS; Abstract 115.’ Presented at the 2013 International Liver Congress, The Netherlands, 25 April 2013.
82. David Jernigan, Director of the Center on Alcohol Marketing and Youth, tracks alcohol advertising.Johns Hopkins University, April 2014.
83. Study data derived from a large occupational cancer study conducted in Montreal involving 3571 male participants is one of the most detailed examinations ever done of the relationship between drinking and cancer. Cancer Detection and Prevention, August 2009.
84. Schütze, M., et al., ‘Alcohol attributable burden of incidence of cancer in eight European countries based on results from prospective cohort study.’ British Medical Journal, 7 April 2011, 342:d1584. PMID: 21474525. Also see, study released by Cancer Research UK, 20 August 2009, showing liver cancer more than tripled from 865 cases in 1975 to more than 3100 in 2006.
85. The World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research Report, ‘Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective.’ Also see, study by Jeanine M. Genkinger. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 2009.
86. Study by Dr Jonathan Potts, Research Fellow, and Dr Sumita Verma, Senior Lecturer and Honorary Consultant, Hepatology, Brighton and Sussex University Hospital; and Brighton and Sussex Medical School. The Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics Journal, online library, July 2013.
87. Study by Professor Julia Verne, publicly released by Public Health England on 20 October 2014. See also, ‘Liver Disease: today’s complacency, tomorrow’s catastrophe.’ Numbers from The All Party Parliamentary Hepatology Group Inquiry into Improving Outcomes in Liver Disease Report, 2014.
88. Study by Dr Jonathan Potts, Research Fellow, and Dr Sumita Verma, Senior Lecturer and Honorary Consultant, Hepatology, Brighton and Sussex University Hospital; and Brighton and Sussex Medical School. The Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics Journal, online library, July 2013.
89. Dr Suthat Liangpunsakul, MD, MPH, Associate Professor of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, July 2014.
90. Reported in gastroendonews.com, July 2014, Vol. 65:7.
91. Health and Social Care Information Centre, 2013 report, released on 31 May 2013.
92. Study, British Journal of Cancer, 2 December 2010.
93. Dunkler, D., et al., and researchers at McMaster University, Ontario, Canada, ONTARGET trial, ‘Diet and kidney disease in high-risk individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus.’, JAMA Internal Medicine, 2013, 173 (18). Also article by Holly Kramer and Alex Chang, ‘Moving dietary management of diabetes forward.’ JAMA Internal Medicine, 2013, 173(18).
94. Dr Paul Trembling and Professor William Rosenberg, ‘Influence of BMI and alcohol on liver-related morbidity and mortality in a cohort of 108,000 women from the general population from UKCTOCS.’ University College London Institute of Liver and Digestive Health, 25 April 2013. Presented at the 2013 International Liver Congress, The Netherlands, Abstract 115.
95. Invisible Patients, a government-funded 2009–10 study into the scale of the alcohol and drug abuse crisis in the British Medical Establishment. Archives of Surgery, 24 February 2012.
96. The Practitioner Health Programme was set up by the Chief Medical Officer for England, Sir Liam Donaldson, in response to concerns that health professionals were avoiding treatment for serious health problems and/or self-medicating, out of fear of being judged and stigmatised. Reported by Jane Dreaper, Health Correspondent, BBC News, 29 January 2010.
97. T.D. Shanafelt, et al., ‘Burnout and satisfaction with work-life balance among US physicians relative to the general US population.’ Archives of Internal Medicine, 2012, 10.1001/archinternmed.2012.3199.
98. Study by Colin M. Shapiro, Department of Psychiatry and Ophthalmology, University of Toronto; and Adrian J. Williams and Peter B. Fenwick, London Sleep Centre. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, April 2013.
99. Study by David Sinyor, Tom Brown, Lorain Rostant and Peter Seraganian, ‘The Role of a Physical Fitness Program in the Treatment of Alcoholism.’ Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research,
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100. stuff.co.nz, The Los Angeles Times and Sydney Morning Herald, 12 August 2014.
101. Campaign group Drinkaware. As reported by the Mailonline, 9 January 2012.
102. Hanna Watling, Researcher, Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety — Queensland (CARRS-Q), Queensland University of Technology. June 2014.
103. Australian Government, ‘Trends in Child Deaths in NSW 1996–2005.’ A long-term study compiled by the New South Wales Child Death Review Team, 30 July 2008.
104. Numbers from official data for England and Wales from a Freedom of Information request to the Office for National Statistic, 25 January 2013.
105. Research by Dr Shelly Greenfield, Professor of Psychiatry, Harvard, and Director of Clinical and Health Services Research and Education, McLean Psychiatric Hospital, Harvard. New York Times and Sydney Morning Herald, 14 April 2011.
106. Kanny, D., et al., ‘Vital Signs: Binge drinking among women and high school girls — United States, 2011.’ Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report, 2013, 62.
107. Senior scientists, Oxford University (UK), The Million Women Study. The study covers 1.3 million women, most in their 50s, from 1996 to 2001. 9 April 2009.
108. Kevin Shield, lead author of a Centre for Addiction and Mental Health study. Addiction, March 2013.
109. Australian Federal Government Report, 2009 research by Professor Ross Fitzgerald. Sydney Morning Herald and AAP, 3 September 2009.
110. Addiction, reported in the Sydney Morning Herald, 17 March 2011. Also see, the 2011 United Nations Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Report. Released in Wellington, 24 July 2011.
111. Dr Paul Trembling and Professor William Rosenberg, ‘Influence of BMI and alcohol on liver-related morbidity and mortality in a cohort of 108,000 women from the general population from UKCTOCS.’ University College London Institute of Liver and Digestive Health, 25 April 2013. Presented at the 2013 International Liver Congress, The Netherlands, Abstract 115.
112. Colditz, G.A., et al., ‘Alcohol intake between menarche and first pregnancy: a prospective study of breast cancer risk.’ Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 2013, DOI:10.1093/jnci/djt213. Also see, study by Liu, Y., ‘Alcohol consumption before first pregnancy increased breast neoplasia risk.’ Study on 91,005 parous women from the Nurses’ Health Study II. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, October 2013, DOI:10.1093/jnci/djt213.
113. Study by Timothy Naimi, MD, MPH, Dr David Nelson, and colleagues, on alcohol consumption and cancer mortality from the 2009 Alcohol Epidemiologic Data System, the 2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and the 2009–2010 National Alcohol Survey. American Journal of Public Health, April 2013.
114. Study by The Cancer Council. Medical Journal of Australia, 1 May 2011.
115. Study by Helmut K. Seitz, PhD, from the Centre of Alcohol Research at the University of Heidelberg in Germany. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 28 March 2012. Also see, study by Dr Wendy Y. Chen, MD, 28 years’ worth of data from the large Nurses’ Health Study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 2011, 306:1884–1890.
116. Study meta-analysis of six worldwide research papers by Harvard scientists on more than 320,000 women. Journal of the American Medical Association, 1998. Also see, study by Shield, K., Parry, C., and Rehm, J., ‘Chronic diseases and conditions related to alcohol use.’ Alcohol Research: Current Reviews, 2013, 35(2):155–173.
117. Naomi Allen, PhD, The Million Women Study. Study on 1,280,296 middle-aged women in the UK. The Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, UK. Journal of the National Cancer Institute,
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118. Study by Ulrich, John, Director of the Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, and colleagues, University Medicine Greifswald. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 16 October 2012.
119. Malik, P., et al., ‘Markers of bone resorption and formation during abstinence in male alcoholic patients.’ Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 2012, DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01834.x.
120. Study on 1200 men, aged 18–28, after medical examinations from 2008 and 2012. BMJ Open, October 2014.
121. The Australian National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre study on nearly 2000 families for over four years. The Daily Mail and AAP, Australia, 8 September 2014.
122. JAMA 306:1884, 2011; Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 2001, 93:710; Pediatrics 125: e1081, 2010.
123. Adela Rendón, Clinical Biochemistry lecturer, National Polytechnic Institute in Mexico, 2014. Study by Rendón-Ramírez, A., Cortés-Couto, M., Martínez-Rizo, A.B., Muñiz-Hernández,
     S., Velázquez-Fernández, J.B. Alcohol, 2013, 27a. DOI:p. ii:934 13 00114 –6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24080163. See also, Rendón Ramírez, A., Gelover Reyes, E., Couto, M., Königsberg,
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124. Patrick, M.E., and Schulenberg, J.E., ‘Prevalence and predictors of adolescent alcohol use and binge drinking in the United States.’ Alcohol Research: Current Reviews, 2013, 35(2):193–200.
125. Naimi, T.S., Nelson, D.E., and Brewer, R.D., ‘The intensity of binge alcohol consumption among US adults.’ American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2010, 38(2):201–207.
126. Pamela Hyde, Administrator of the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, US, September 2012.
127. Study by Le-Ha, C, et al., ‘Oral contraceptive use in girls and alcohol consumption in boys are associated with increased blood pressure in late adolescence.’ European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 2012, DOI:10.1177/2047487312452966.
128. Kerr, W.C., Greenfield, T.K., Bond, J., et al., ‘Age-period-cohort modeling of alcohol volume and heavy drinking days in the US National Alcohol Surveys: Divergence in younger and older adult trends.’ Addiction, 2009, 104(1):27–37. Also see, Hingson, R., Zha, W., and Weitzman, E.R., ‘Magnitude of and trends in alcohol-related mortality and morbidity among US college students ages 18–24, 1998–2005.’ Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 2009, Supplement 16:12–20, 2009. Also, Blanco,
     C., Okuda, M., Wright, C., et al., ‘Mental health of college students and their non-college-attending peers: Results from the National Epidemiologic Study on Alcohol and Related Conditions.’ Archives of General Psychiatry, 2008, 65(12):1429–1437. Also, White, A.M., Hingson, R.W., Pan, I.J., and Yi, H.Y., ‘Hospitalizations for alcohol and drug overdoses in young adults ages 18–24 in the United States, 1999–2008: Results from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample.’ Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 2011, 72(5):774–786. Also, Chartier, K.G., Vaeth, P.A.C., and Caetano, R., ‘Focus on: Ethnicity and the social and health harms from drinking.’ Alcohol Research: Current Reviews, 2013, 35(2):229–237.
129. Colditz, G.A., et al., ‘Alcohol intake between menarche and first pregnancy: a prospective study of breast cancer risk.’ Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 2013, DOI:10.1093/jnci/djt213. Also see, study by researchers from Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School on almost 7000 girls ages 9–27. Cancer, 13 November 2011. Also, study by Liu, Y. on 91,005 parous women from the Nurses’ Health Study II, ‘Alcohol consumption before first pregnancy increased breast neoplasia risk.’ Journal of the National Cancer Institute, October 2013, DOI:10.1093/jnci/djt213.
130. University of Texas, Austin and Michigan State University, study by researchers on the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) data on 8271 adolescents from 126 schools. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, June 2012.
131. Study by Dana Alonzo, PhD, of Columbia University, using data from 43,093 people 18 years old or older in the 2001–2002 Department of Health and Human Services Survey. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 2014.
132. ‘My World Survey’, the first comprehensive national study of Irish youth mental health by Headstrong (The National Centre for Youth Mental Health and the UCD School of Psychology), covering 14,306 people aged 12–25 years, as released on 16 May 2012.
133. Professor Ian Gilmore, one of the UK’s leading authorities on liver disease, and president of the British Society of Gastroenterology, November 2013. Quotes from a conference in London hosted by Alcohol Concern, November 2013.
134. The YouthSight study was done on 1000 young people aged 16–24 in March 2012 for Alcohol Concern. Released during Alcohol Awareness Week, November 2012.
135. The Seattle Times, 1 November 2012.
136. Study covered 1500 young people for more than ten years by the team at the Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne. Fairfax Media, 13 April 2009.
137. Christine Jackson, PhD, Susan T. Ennett, PhD, Denise M. Dickinson, MPH, J. Michael Bowling, PhD, ‘Letting Children Sip. Understanding Why Parents Allow Alcohol Use by Elementary School-aged Children.’ A study on data collected from 1050 mothers and their third-grade children. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 2012; 166(11):1053–1057, DOI:10.1001/archpediatrics.2012.1198.
138. Joel Swendsen, Director of Research at the National Center of Scientific Research in Bordeaux, France, study by on a massive survey of 10,123 US teenagers. Archives of General Psychiatry, April 2012.
139. The Daily Mail, 2 April 2013.
140. Study carried out by researchers at University College Dublin. Psychiatry Professional, reported by The Independent, 4 April 2013.
141. B. Rowland, J.W. Toumbourou, L. Satyen, M. Livingston and J. Williams, ‘The relationship between the density of alcohol outlets and parental supply of alcohol to adolescents.’ Deakin’s School of Psychology, Deakin University, Australia. Addictive Behaviors, 2014.
142. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 7 April 2014.
143. A major review of research at the University of California, San Diego, April 2009.
144. Dr John Fagan, Senior Registrar in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Children’s University Hospital, Temple Street, Dublin, April 2014.
145. J. Fagan, S. Lyons, and Bobby P. Smyth, ‘Content Analysis of Newspaper Reports on Alcohol-Related Death.’ Alcohol and Alcoholism, online, 15 April 2014, DOI:10.1093/alcalc/agu015.
146. Nakamura R., Pechey R., Suchrcke, M., et al., ‘Sales impact of displaying alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages in end-of-aisle locations: An observational study.’ Social Science & Medicine, 22 February 2014. Reported by the National Health Service and The Daily Mail, 16 March 2014.
147. Amy Baldwin, Marketing Director, Gulf Distributing Holding LLC, Alabama. Gulf Distributing is a company that distributes alcohol.
148. Steve Bailey, Vice President of Chain Accounts for Columbia Distributing, which supplies beer to about 90 Wal-Mart stores in Washington and Oregon. Reported by delawareonline.com, and Bloomberg News, 10 August 2013.
149. Professor David Nutt, Edmond J. Safra Professor of Neuropsychopharmacology, Director of the Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, The Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics, at Imperial College London. September 2012.
150. The 2010 Global Burden of Disease Study, British Medical Journal, The Lancet, and the 2010 Heart and Stroke Statistics report. Published by the American Heart Association and WHO.
151. care2.com, 31 March 2014.
152. This latest study used data from a 2012 Internet-based survey of underage drinkers ages 13–20, GFK MRI’s Survey of the Adult Consumer for the years 2010–2012, which provides brand-specific consumption data for adults and national data compiled by Impact Databank.
153. Michael Siegel, MD, MPH, Kelsey Chen, BA, William DeJong, PhD, Timothy S. Naimi, MD MPH, Joshua Ostroff ,BA, Craig S. Ross, MBA and David H. Jernigan, PhD, ‘Differences in Alcohol
     Brand Consumption between Underage Youth and Adults — United States, 2012.’ Substance Abuse, 31 January 2014.
154. NZ Herald, 25 August 2011.
155. Sally Casswell, Director of Social and Health Outcomes Research and Evaluation (SHORE) at Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand, April 2014.
156. As reported by the BBC, 6 September 2012.
157. The YouthSight study was done on 1000 young people aged 16–24 in March 2012 for the charity Alcohol Concern, 19 November 2012.
158. As reported by the BBC, March 2014.
159. Australian Government Report, ‘Alcohol beverage advertising in mainstream Australian media 2005 to 2007: Expenditure and Exposure.’ Undertaken by the Victorian Department of Human Services for the Monitoring of Alcohol Advertising Committee. This report is a follow-up to research published by the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing in 2005.
160. The UK All-Party Parliamentary Group on Alcohol Misuse, released 11 August 2014.
161. Harwood, R., ‘Economic costs of excessive alcohol use.’ Alcohol Research: Current Reviews, 2013, 35(2):172–173.
162. Numbers from a 10 January 2014 report, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
163. Bouchery, E., Simon, C., and Harwood, H., ’Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the United States, 2006.’ The Lewin Group, 2010.
164. Study meta-analysis by Melanie Nichols, of the BHF Health Promotion Research Group, Department of Public Health, Oxford University, and colleagues. British Medical Journal, 2012.
165. Study by Massey University on 16,500 people. New Zealand Medical Journal, 2009.
166. As reported by stuff.co.nz on 24 April 2014

Jason wishes to deeply thank, acknowledge and recognise the effort and contribution that the PIF Foundation has provided on a voluntary basis since 2014, as we educated, motivated and inspired change that helps transform the health, vitality and longevity of people all over the world.